Interrelationship between Leadership and Organizational Commitment Literature review - 1

Interrelationship between Leadership and Organizational Commitment - Literature review Example Leadership is an ability to persuade any group towards the attainment of goals. In the year 1964, Tannenbaum and others have considered leadership as an influential factor in human relations. Leadership is an attribute guiding a group of people to achieve preset goals through communication. According to Fiedler, leadership can be assumed to be a type of relationship to make the group members work together and achieve common goal. Rauch and Behling in 1984 and Hsieh in the year 1993 considered leadership as a process to influence any group to approach the goals. Since twentieth century, a number of theories and literature had been introduced to prove different standpoints. Four major perspectives had been shown through these theories. Some of the theories are articulated in the later segment (Wu et. al., 2006, p.438- 440). In 1957, Halpin and Winer had introduced two dimensions, initiating consideration and structure. Following the same, a number of studies conducted by Stogdill, Like rt and Kotter also introduced certain behavioral attributes of leadership. In the year 1967, Fiedler has introduced the contingency model of leadership. In the year 1971, House came up with a path-goal theory by extracting details from the research carried out by Ohio State University as well as the expectancy theory of motivation. In the year 1977, Blackchard and Hersey introduced situational leadership theory considering two leadership sides. On the other hand, transformational leaders possess significant personal.

A Case Study of Southwest Airline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A of Southwest Airline - Case Study Example Southwest Airline has been one of the companies with highest growth rate for the last more than forty years since it was found (Bundgaard, Bejjani & Helmer, 2006). This has been due to its ability to sustain growth and maintain profitability despite the challenges of the aviation industry and has resulted mainly due to increase in the demand of its low price structures and high quality services. According to Keller (2010), it is always the objective of this company to meet the customer demand. Since the customer demand has been increasing, Southwest airline has been forced to increase its number of flights and to even acquire other Airline companies. One recent acquisition is acquiring of Air Tran Holding, which it used to expand its operation (Keller, 2011). According to Drake (1998), Southwest Airline has been experiencing growth on annual bases since it was found. The airline started with three aircraft operating in three planes only. Since then, the airline has grown to the capacity of operating more than 400 planes throughout the United States. This growth has been because of the increase in demand that has resulted to Southwest airline increasing number of flights in each of the airport hubs. This has led to presence of more aircrafts and more schedule flights in all the airport hubs selected by Southwest Airline. Another cause of this congestion is increase in competition in the aviation industry and emergence of new companies. In the recent years, there has been emergence of other low cost companies in the airport hubs selected by Southwest Airline.

Human Resource Management at China Telecom

Human Resource Management at China Telecom 1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction to High-Performance Work System High performance work system is to achieve organization’s goals by fully using organization’s resources. It supports the right combination of technology, people and organization structure (Noe, 2014). Reasonable arranging human resource management practices is one of the mainly elements of creating the high performance work system. Three major practices include recruiting, selection and training and development. 1.2 Introduction of China telecom China Telecom Corporation Limited was established in 2002. The main business is focus on the service areas. At the end of 2003, it owns six affiliated companies that ware acquired by about RMB 46 million. Then it acquired 10 and 3 telecom companies, respectively, in 2004 and 2007. During this period, it provides voice service, data service and mobile service. In 2009, the company obtains a license about 3G mobile and provides this service in April of the same year. In 2013, the company obtains licenses to operate the 4G digital cellular mobile service. 2. Recruiting Account Executive 2.1 Three Parts of Recruiting In the first pact is called personnel policy provides the standards of implementing human resource management. Government provides now labor laws in 1995 and it impacts personnel policy about recruitment (Dickie). The main personnel policy in China telecom Company is internal and external recruiting. It helps the company to decide vacancy characteristics about account executive. Internal recruiting focuses on employees who work in the company. It chooses the qualify employees by analyzing and assessing the performance of junior employees. When the company never chooses reasonable candidates inside the company, external recruiting is a right policy. Enough potential employees outside the company are chosen. Then the company determines right recruitment sources before analyzing the applicant characteristics. Two main sources are job posting and electronic recruiting. According to job posting, the company put recruitment information about account executive on corporate intranets, such as the time of recruiting. It only focuses on the internal staffs in the company. Furthermore, the company recruits new employment by electronic recruiting, such as online recruitment. The company put the network advertisement on the website commonly used, such as Sohu.com, Sina.com.cn and other website. It focuses on people in the global level. At last, the company chooses three or four recruiters with professional knowledge and skills. They have more than 5-year work experience in relevant areas. When they recruit the candidates, they pay attention to the candidate’s skills and knowledge. At the same time, they give some information about account executive. Then they provide some positive information about account executive to attract the candidate to apply for the job. For example, as an account executive, the salary is about RMB 2000 per month. The company helps employees to pay parts of insurance and the company records the significant information and feedback timely (Noe, 2014). 2.2 The Impact of Recruiting Using internal recruiting increases the employees’ satisfaction and reduces employee turnover (Croteau, 2014). It is cheaper than recruiting outside the company. According to external recruiting, the company solves the problems about staff shortage. The company recruits the professional with plentiful experience. It increase work efficiency. On the other hand, job posting give qualified employees who work in the company opportunities to apply to become account executives. It spends less time and costs than then other sources. Using electronic recruitment attracts many candidates from any regional or countries. It expends the scope of recruitment and offers more choice about account executive (Nell, 2010). Furthermore, the traits and behaviors of recruiter impact the result of recruiting employees. Some recruiters pay attention to the theoretical basis, but other may pay attention to the practical ability, such as enough work experience. Reasonable recruiting increases the quality of employees. It improves work performance indirectly. 3. Selection – Account Executive 3.1 The Five Stages of Selection There are five steps in the process of selecting account executive in the follow (Noe, 2014). The company follows this process to pick up their qualified candidates. At the beginning of selection, the company needs to analyze application forms of candidates. With job application form, the candidates provide their full name, address, telephone. If the candidates work before in other company, they need to provide company’s name, the year of work, name of employer, position held and reason for leaving. Then educational background is necessary for candidates to writes. They only write the information about high school, college and above. Also, they must provide graduation certificates. If they have some award-winning experience in the study period, they can copy the certificates and put them after the application forms, such as IELTS certificates in two years, Interpretation certificates and other certificates. At last, it provides three or four references’ name, such as th eir superiors’ name and their colleague’s name (Noe, 2014). After analyzing job resumes, the company provides written tests and answering phone call. The written tests provide 100 questions about related laws, management and the company. For example, how to respond the customer complaint? How account executives increase the employees’ satisfaction? How to deal with the conflict between employees? The other tests called answering phone call. The company gives a situation and candidates need to give the reasonable measures. For example, if a customer said the company spends a long time to deal with problem and the customer was anger, how the account executive answer the customer by phone call. After the candidates finish the text, they wait for the company’s notice. Then structured interview is used to examine the candidates’ organizing ability and communicative competence. At first, the company provides a total why do you agree team work or not. Then the candidates divide into two groups A and B. A group agrees and B apposed to this view. The company gives them one hour to debate each other. During this period, everyone in two groups must engage in the debate. They must give some reasonable evidences to support their view. After the debate, the company gives the final score by score of team and person. The score of team is focus on the task assignment and achievement. It reflects the organizing ability. Then the company gives the score of everyone based on the condition of debate. For example, the candidate provides enough reasonable evidences or not. The expression is clarity and smoothly or not. These two points are the mainly individual scoring criteria. After determining the qualified candidates, the company must to check background information about candidates. This process spends about two or four weeks to know information about candidates from person references provided. If the person points out the candidates has some negative behavior, such as using violence in the workplace (Noe, 2014). The candidate is never recruited. At the same time, the company makes sure the truth of the information on the applicant forms by checking. If the information on the applicant forms is truth and the candidates have never bad action like criminal behavior, the candidates are qualified. At last, the company determines the final qualified candidates who will work in the company. During the process of selection, it is based on multiple-hurdle model. The company deletes the unqualified candidates in each step. For example, the company chooses the candidates with high scores on the process of interview and test (Noe, 2014). 3.2 The Impact of Reasonable Selection In order to increase competitive advantage and work performance, the company must select the high quality employees. The process of reasonable selection helps the company to select the employees who are best for accounts executives. These employees the company selected have enough skills to complete tasks. It increases the efficiency and quality of completing tasks. It provides contribution to create the high-performance system indirectly. 4. Training and Development – Account Executive 4.1 The Process of Training Learning management system (LMS) helps the company to improve the efficiency of training process. The company use LMS to identify need, make plans and analyze the training outcomes (Noe, 2014). At first, the company needs to conduct needs assessment. The company belongs to the service industries. It wants to provides high quality service and expand its market. The company needs to know which employees with lack of knowledge and poor work experience. Then the company arranges training class for them. The tasks of training help employees to learn how to record the information through computer and know how to deal with the relationship between customers and the company. Before training, the company needs to do some preparation work. At first, the company makes sure employees have basic cognitive ability, such as reading and writing skills, speaking with English clearly, using basic computer technology and the ability to deal with problem in the job. Also, it is necessary for the company to provide a positive work environment. The company prepares enough training material and gives employees one or three months to practice and training. At the some time, the company gives employees praise and encourage in order to high efficiency and quality of training (Noe, 2014). Then the company needs to plan the reasonable program of training. The company arranges the training class from employees who want to training. It shows employees with high performance are chosen at first. Training is to increase employees’ work skills. Complete this objective, the company two training method, such as computer-based training and on-the-job training. During the computer-based training, the company gives trainees one month. It takes less time and money to learn online. It is convenience of trainees who lives far from the company. On-the-job training shows the company gives trainees one month to practice with a mentor. If trainees have some problems, they can ask the mentor for help. Training program implements based on the mainly five principles of learning. The first point is that skills employees learned in training are work-related. These skills can help them finish the work better. It helps trainees to know how to implement o their job and gather experience in the working. Then the company gives trainees some opportunities to understand what they learned clearly by the internship. Also, it is easy for trainees to remember and understand the content by implementing high quality training planning. At last, the materials the company provided must be clear and easy to reading The last step is to evaluate the result of training. The company provides the training relate to their current job, they need to analyze the skills that are used in job or not. If these skills trainees learned increase the quality and efficiency of completing their job, it shows the training has a great success. If not, company need to analyze the shortcoming of training and adjust. 4.2 The Process of Development The company usually uses career management system to plan the development programs for staff. According the analysis of the weaknesses and strengths, the company needs to evaluate whether the employee has an opportunity to become an account manager. Next, the company use performance appraisals to analyze the success factors of high performance. If the company provides the opportunities of promotion, the company plans a long-term program about employee development. Also, the company points out employees are becoming an account manager within the next four years. The employees need to use communicate competence to deal with the conflict between company and customers. They must maintain the company’s image. At last, the employees plan for an account manager. They increase the management capacity, organizational capabilities and the ability to deal with the problem. They determine to reach the goals in two or three years. 4.3 The Impact of Training and Development Training and Development encourage employees to complete the work better and faster by increasing job satisfaction (Dennis). The employee turnover reduces. The company helps employees to arrange and manage their time. Next, employees learn much knowledge and skills about the job clearly. Training and development help them to know detail information about the job. Furthermore it helps employees to add value in the company. 5. Conclusion Recruiting in the company attracts many patient talents. It expends the selection of talents who are suitable for account executive. According to selection, the company knows detail information about employees such as behavior, skills and ability. Then the company arranges the employees by training and development. These three practices maintain the normal operating of the company in the next five years.

Surplus :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Due to outstanding economic times we now face a federal budget surplus. This surplus is the first one since the mid sixties. Before now we have been in a federal deficit. Because our good situation we are face with a tough decision; what do we do with the extra money. Some people think we should put the money in government programs others think we should give it back to the people who gave the government the money. Giving the money back to the taxpayers appears to be the most logical thing to do with the surpluses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The government has a moral obligation to give the money back to the taxpayers. The government does not have anything to spend the money on now. Just because we have the money doesn’t mean we have to spend it. We do not need to search for programs to spend our money on. Therefore we must give back the money while we still have it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tax rates are at an all-time peacetime high. When President Clinton took office, federal Taxes consumed 17.8 cents out of every dollar earned in the United States. Now the federal Government’s take is 20.6 cents out of every dollar. (USA Today) Budget projections indicate that over the next ten years, the federal government will have huge budget surpluses totaling about $3 trillion. If we have a surplus at a high tax rate, why can’t the government take what it needs and lower the tax rate? We need to lower taxes to a rate where the government does not take more than it needs. An example of how these types of practices are unheard of anywhere else is as followed; If I were to go to a bank and ask for a car loan of $10,000 and the car only costs $8,000 the bank would demand that I lower the loan amount to $8,000. Then I might say, â€Å"I can find other things to spend the $2,000 on†. The loan officer would laugh and say, â€Å"I’m sure you could but I can’t give you more that you need.† The people who oppose cutting taxes clearly believe that the money generated by federal taxes actually belongs to the federal government. Many of us who want the government to give the money back to the people believe that the money belongs to the people who paid the taxes and if they are paying more than we need to run the government, we should give it back.

Understand How to Safeguard the Well Being of Children and Young People

Question 1: Why is it important to safeguard children and young people? Without providing the service of safeguarding for children and young people who are not developed enough to do it for themselves, their future could be negatively affected. If they were to be affected by an event such as abuse, and there is no safeguarding in place, this could carry on and seriously affect their physical and emotional development. This could mean they fall behind with developmental milestones. Children need to be provided with a safe and happy environment to grow up in so they are happy to develop at a normal rate and sequence. This will help them achieve their full potential, through into adulthood. Question 2: Explain why a person-centred approach is important in safeguarding the well-being of children or young people. It is important to centre the safeguarding approach around the child or young person, as their wishes and concerns need to be taken into account to achieve the best possible outcome for them. It is important to have a good relationship with the child so the child will feel comfortable disclosing information and conveying their feelings and points of views. Having this will mean the organisation can respond in the most accurate and appropriate way. The child can then be involved in any future decisions. The organisation and carers should be there to support and explain everything to the child to try to comfort them so the situation is not so daunting and the child can explain clearly what they want for their future.

Alka-Seltzer Reaction Rates Lab

Alka-Seltzer Reaction Rates Lab What are the different factors the effect the reaction rate of Alka-Seltzer? Matthew Arkfeld Leah Gilligan Jessie Abbott Period 4 June 2nd, 2008 Background Research: o The objective of the experiment was to determine if different factors affect the reaction rate of Alka-Seltzer. Alka-Seltzer provides fast relief to acid indigestion, upset stomach, heartburn, headaches, body aches and pains. It is an antacid and pain relief medicine used by millions of consumer’s everyday. It is sold at local pharmacies over the counter and supermarkets worldwide. The original Alka-Seltzer was invented in 1931, the active ingredients are: 325 mg of Aspirin, 1000mg of Citric Acid and 1916mg of Sodium Bicarbonate, designed to treat pain and simultaneously neutralize excess stomach acid. It is provided in the form of large effervescent tablets, which are dissolved in a glass of water. As the tablets dissolve, the base (bicarbonate) and the acid (citric acid) react v igorously producing carbon dioxide gas, which also produces enough agitation to allow the active ingredients to dissolve slowly. In our lab, our objective was to test if water at different temperatures, salt, and vinegar, would affect the reaction rate of Alka Seltzer tablets. However we thought, that the size of the tablet would not matter. Therefore, we decided to test Alka Seltzer broken into fragment and completely ground up as well as the normal tablet. Hypothesis and Variables: o Hypothesis: We believe that hot water, and vinegar will affect the rate of the reaction, however, the size of the tablet does not matter. Independent Variables: temperature of water (ice, room, hot), Size of tablet (whole, pieces, powdered), Solution it is in (tap, vinegar, salt water). o Dependent Variable: The rate of reaction of Alka-Seltzer. Materials: o 3-quart size jars, 3 Alka-seltzer tablets, ice water, room temperature water, hot water, stopwatch, thermometer, vinegar, salt, tablespoon. Proce dure: 1. Fill one of the jars a third of the way with ice. Put tap water in it until it is half way full. Let it come to a stable temperature. 2. Fill the second jar half way filled with room temperature water. . Fill the third jar half way with hot tap water (run tap on hot for one minute). 4. Use the thermometer to record temperature for the three waters. Record in table. 5. Put an Alka-Seltzer tablet in each jar and use a stopwatch to record how many seconds it takes to dissolve. Do not stir or mix the tablet! Record all results. 6. Put all the liquids down the drain and rinse out jars throughouly with water. 7. Fill the jars half way with room temperature water. 8. In the first jar, place a whole Alka seltzer tablet. Record the time it takes for it to completely dissolve. 9. Repeat step 9 with the Alka seltzer broken into 8-10 pieces. Record the time it takes to dissolve. 10. Repeat step 9 with the Alka-Seltzer tablet completely crushed into powder. (Crush between two pieces of paper with a hammer) Record the time it takes for it to completely dissolve. 11. Rinse all jars completely and throughout again. 12. Fill one jar half the way with room temperature water. Fill another jar one half full with vinegar. Finally fill the last jar half way with salt water. (2 tablespoons, room temperature). 13. Pour an Alka-Seltzer tablet in each jar and record time it takes to completely dissolve. 4. Observe your results. Observations and Data: | |Water Temperature |Time to Dissolve | |Ice Water |1 degree f |155 seconds | |Room Temperature |74 degrees f |47 seconds | |Hot Water |110 degrees f |24 seconds | |Time to Dissolve | |Whole Alka-Seltzer |45 seconds | |Broken into Pieces |40 seconds | |Powdered |11 seconds | |Time to Dissolve | |Tap Water |46 seconds | |Vine gar |68 seconds | |Salt Water |77 seconds | Data Analysis: o We observed that a whole piece takes more time to dissolve in water than an Alka Seltzer completely ground up. As well as, temperature changes the speed of the reaction in the dissolving process. Finally, vinegar, and salt, slow down the reaction time between the tablet and water. Conclusion: o We discovered that it is best to take Alka seltzer with hot water in order to dissolve the tablet the quickest. As temperature decreases, the amount of time that th reaction takes increases. As well as, adding other components such as salt and vinegar slow down rather than speed up the reaction. Therefore that rection is best in water at a high temperature. o Our hypothesis was wrong in that, seltzer-seltzer in different shapes affcts the reaction rather than not causing any difference in it. Sources of Error: Temperature could have been off, thermometer was broken, and tap water at room temperature was affected by air conditioning. Application: o Through this experiment we have learned that temperature affects the reaction rate of Alka-Seltzer tablets. As well as, size and solution dissolved in, can either speed up or slow down the reaction. For fastest results, Alka-Seltzer should be broken up into powered pieces and be taken with hot water.

Grimm Brothers essays

Grimm Brothers essays The brothers Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm are absolutely a pair that has shaken the world and thus this dynamic partnership rightfully belongs among the one thousand most influential people of these last one thousand years. Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm were simply two close brothers growing up in a small town called Hanau within the country of Germany. Little did they know that they were to change the way society views science and politics, morals and language, and literature and life. Their tireless work would forever leave its mark on the world. Jakob Grimm was born on January 4, 1785. His brother Wilhelm was born a short year later on February 24, 1786. They grew up with 9 brothers and sisters. Three of the nine children died young. This left Jakob as the oldest with Wilhelm the second oldest. Their father, Phillip Grimm, a lawyer and court official, died in 1796. This caused his family to move back to their mothers hometown. At the ages of thirteen and fourteen the brothers lived with their aunt as they attended school in Kassel. By 1803 Jakob and Wilhelm were both studying law at the University of Marsburg and in 1806 they had begun to compile folktales out of a sense of patriotism, personal interest, and as a favor for a friend. Life was fine until 1808, the year their mother Dorothea Grimm died. This forced the responsible brothers to take up jobs at their alma mater, Kassel, so they could support their younger siblings. At Kassel, Jakob and Wilhelm worked as librarians. In 1812 their first edition of Childrens and Household Tales was published. This was the result of years of recording and editing German folklore taken from storytellers. In 1819 the brothers Grimm, now established scholars, received their doctorates from the University of Marsburg. In 1825 Wilhelm married Henriette Wild and by 1830 both Grimm brothers had resigned from their positions at Kassel and had become professors at the University of Gtt...