Junking the Junk Food Essay

In this article the author is trying to show us how our country has become very unhealthy nation. Warner believes that to end the obesity in the country the government needs to be involved. They should make healthy food more appealing while making the junk food less appealing. There are a lot of people whom are worrying and trying to change the way majority of American people eat. Because almost 40% of American people are fat, and that because the way they eat. Lot of politicians are trying to send their message to the public and trying to make them realize that fast food is bad for them and eating healthy is good. Personally I don’t think that government can force somebody to change the way they eat. The only way or the only solution is changing our culture, because most of the people think eating burgers and fries everyday is normal, that’s their culture. But the day that we change that thinking and the day that we start thinking that eating healthy (fruits, vegetable s) everyday is a normal, than we are going to have a different culture, and totally different America. 400 – Warner identifies how politician Sarah Palin recently made an appearance in Bucks County, Pennsylvania with cookies to pass out to the kids of the local schools and how unnecessary the act was. Criticizing Palin’s actions, Warner continues on her point of how children are not deprived of these â€Å"treats† that some believe to be needed and how these foods and lack of nutrition need to be changed not encouraged. 401- Warner also mentions here how Glenn Beck mocked the governmentand led to government health inspectors shutting down a7-year olds lemonade stand. Government can’t regulate what the American people eatand don’t eat. Because there are lot of educated people and know the consequences of eating too much fatty foods. She also refers to Michelle Obama’s campaign to fight childhood obesity. She wants to change our culture educating peoples to eat fruits and vegetables instead of french fries and burgers. 402- Warner explains how government is trying to regulate the amount of junk food that we eat. She is trying to compare current events and historical events to explain how the eating habits in our country have changed over the years. An example is â€Å"the food rationing programs of World War 2† She also offers some solutions to the problem of obesity in the country. One of these solutions is that we should make fatting foods look bad, like we made cigarettes look bad. People will have a hard time changing their eating habits when junk food is portrayed as delicious and they don’t directly receive negative side effects 403- The only way or the only solution is changing our culture, because most of the people think eating burgers and fries everyday is normal, that’s their culture. But the day that we change that thinking and the day that we start thinking that eating healthy (fruits, vegetables) everyday is a normal, than we are going to have a different culture, and totally different America. 404- She also mention if we stop putting the cigarette like a s exy and cool product instead of putting something really bad that can damage our lungs and cause a horrible disease like a lung cancer can stop people smoking.

Ian Lemke †Compare and Contrast Essay

Compare & Contrast In 1848, Cady Stanton gave her ‘Declaration of Sentiments,’ pleading for the right to vote and fair treatment to be given to women, which was promised already in 1776. While the country was still young, John Adam’s wite, Abigail wrote him a letter requesting the rights of women be Included In the document he was having written. This was the Declaration of Independence. 30th of these selections have a common goal: they are being written with the purpose to gain women more rights. Even though they were written with the same purpose in mind, they are very different. The mood and layout of the articles are completely different, not to mention they had completely separate audiences Despite the obvious differences, they both hit home with their intended audiences. Abigail wrote her letter tor her husband alone. Him being a delegate to the First conunental congress, she had hopes In mind that she could give women the rights they deserve, that she could raise the status of women by leaving an impact on the founding document of the country. Using threats of rebellion, she asked him to â€Å"Remember the ladies, and be more generous and avorable to them than your ancestors†. Stanton, author of the Declaration of Sentiments, wanted to influence the opinions and gain support among the public as well as the leading government officials. Not solely expecting to win the tight tor equality, she had hoped she would make enough of an Impact that people would hear her voice and fight for a change in political structure. She fought for a change in the legal status of women. Using powerful statements like â€Å"Women are civilly dead,† as they’re denied voting privileges, and that marriage deprives women of their ndependence, she got a lot of attention and support from all sorts of places. ntortunately, despite their pleads being heard by the nation, it wasnt enough. There’s a big difference between being heard and making a difference, which they regrettably found out. They tried their best, and clearly left their mark on history but It took another 72 years before women were given their basic rights and freedoms. The saddest part is there†™s still prejudice everywhere you go, all we can do is keep fighting for a positive change and hope it comes soon!

African Americans in Pop Culture Essay Example for Free

African Americans in Pop Culture Essay African American (597) , African (466) , Pop Culture (18) , Funk (4) Haven't found the essay you want? Get your custom sample essay for only $13.90/page ? African Americans have had an incredible lasting impression on popular culture. African American singers, artists, entrepreneurs, athletes and actors have all had their say and have really stood out within the past few years. They’ve also grown and not grown in different ways all around from music, to television, to movies. African American stereotypes still exist in all aspects of pop culture, while many are trying to get away from what audiences assume is the typical black person. African Americans have been fighting for and against their own stereotypes when they started breaking out into music, then branching out into television, and making it big in the film industry. They’ve gone from being the dumb, uneducated, and underprivileged minority of America, and have started to make themselves more known as gang bangers and thugs, which are often seen as heroes in popular culture. African Americans haven’t only made a name for themselves or left a footprint in only their culture, but in American culture all around. African Americans have been making their mark in music all throughout history. Many started with the jazz and bebop rebellion during the 1940s and ’50s in Detroit. They made their point by trying to be different. They didn’t want to follow the typical white, swing music criteria, and that’s exactly what happened. Bebop wasn’t so mainstream, and that’s what made it their own. They preferred small, unique combos to play instead of big named stars in the music industry. Detroit was shedding light on the working class people of the town and wanted to really make a sound for them. â€Å"The 1940s created an â€Å"afro-modernism,† a response to the urbanization, industrialization, and modernization of African American Culture. † Because of their movement ahead in music, they also made their movement in business. And so emerged an incredibly successful, black capitalist enterprise, Motown Records, founded by Barry Gordy. Along with the movement in Detroit, the Harlem Renaissance had happened even before all the rage for jazz and bebop, which raised awareness to the visual arts, which led to even more developments in music. And even earlier at the beginning of the 20th century, blacks were starting to be accepted into acclaimed schools to study music and they were allowed to join the base of white people in symphony orchestras. During the ’50s, doo-wop and soul music became popular. That’s when legends like Ray Charles emerged and paved the way for others. Soul music remained popular among blacks for long after the pop sounds started to wave through. By the end of the decade and moving into the ’70s, blacks were starting to crossover into the typical white music trends. Psychadelic music had become popular. Jimi Hendrix, along his wah-wah pedal innovation, became one of the most popular guitarists during the era. Right after that, soul had become the popular music in the black community and was starting to revolutionize African-American music. Soul had continued success in popularity during the ’70s, but the ’70s also brought along a rise in black bands. White people were listening to country, disco, and all sorts of rock music, while the African-Americans had their funk, pop, soul, and jazz music that was on a totally different spectrum from their white counterparts. The ’70s was also when Djs started mixing their own beats and playing their funk records the way they wanted to so they could get their audience to dance. And with the beats produced by Djs along with the poets who would read their poems to those beats, came the emergence of hip hop music. The era of hip hop music was a new revolution in African American popular culture. African Americans in Pop Culture. (2016, Dec 17).

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 31

Business - Essay Example It is evident that a lot of companies are planning to or offering telecommuting services to their employees. Drastic weather conditions are among factors that are pushing companies to offer telecommuting. Employees in Washington saved the government a large sum of money by working from home during official snow days. This is according to research done by Global Workplace Analytics. According to Lister, â€Å"Telecommuting is the only way companies will know how to build work places and design work practices and decide what technology is needed for support† (Tugend). Today, telecommuting is not limited to one sector of the population but men, women, young, old, parents, and non parents all participate. The article states that individuals who work from home tend to be more productive and put in more working hours. It is however important for an employee to combine both working at home and from the office, since working from home alone my affect promotion chances. Telecommuting has grown drastically and a lot of individual are full time employees working from home. On average, the article states that the number of Americans working outside the office is as high as thirty percent of the population (Tugend). Telecommuting is helping companies reduce office spaces but still a large number of individuals would prefer to combine both working at home and from the office. The second article â€Å"Working Productively as a Telecommuter† outlines tips on how to become a successful telecommuter. For a lot of people, the idea of telecommuting is working from the comfort of your home in pajamas without the rush of the office. The article however states that this is not a healthy notion and is destined to failure for any individual telecommuting. Even if working from home an individual needs to take is serious. One should be focused and work hard just as if he was his own boss (Garone). The article gives tips on how to be successful in telecommuting. For first time

Performing Arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Performing Arts - Essay Example As opposed to visual art, Music and dance arts are based on making experience, rather than making an object. Because of the ability to create experience, both dance and music are concerned with invoking human engagement to the art being performed. Dance and music enhances performers to be able to engage with the inner lives of their audience, and be able to define the space that exists between the performance and audience (Rudner, 2011). This means that music and performance are effective in combining thoughts, intellectual ideas, and feelings. Therefore, by invoking feelings and emotion, dance and music arts are able to reflect on the actual experience of the original piece of performance. For instance, through a performance that I recently watched, I was able to have a grasp of the Carnaval Music, from Brazil. The Carnaval Music is a Brazilian festival song that I have never listened to or watched. Nevertheless, through the live dance and music performance, I was able to develop and have a clue of the kind of feelings and emotions this song invokes on the Brazilians during their annual festival. Contrastingly, I feel I would not have got this experience if I were to depend on the provisions of visual art. Based on the live performance, I realized that as the way the Carnaval Music dancing is done, the nice and unique sounds and, the voices in the song are so interesting. Conclusively, visual art is lacking in invoking that real or first experience of an art as it is perceived in its

Medic Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medic Law - Essay Example The Mental Capacity Act 2005 does not provide adequate safeguards for incapacitated patients when determining what is their best interest. The act states that; `` decision made or an act done under this act for or on behalf of a person who lacks capacity must be done, or made, in his best interest, ( Section 1 (5) MCA). ’’ Despite, section 4 of the mental capacity act that sets out the checklist that enumerates elements which should be considered when determining the best interests of a patient does not bring the clear meaning of this concept at all. Also, the statutory checklist does not bring forth the clarification on how the various elements will be well-adjusted throughout the progress and assessment of best interest. In the view of making the decision, best interest is frequently contrasted to the surrogate judgment standards; although the previous is believed to set objectives’ benchmarks for making decisions on behalf others. The factors that are in the checklist are not extensive in most cases and so extra elements should be well-thought-out. This is because the checklist considers has five main elements that should be considered in deciding the best interest of a patient. Finally, the mental capacity act does not provide the meaning of best interest and also the term is not included in the mental health act yet this two acts activities go in hand. The purpose of legal regulation of assisted conception and embryology within the United Kingdom is broadly perceived, it assists a social goal. First, regulation is supposed to guarantee the end users that are both the health care providers and the patient that the service will fully suit their needs and it will not lead to moral and cost concerns. In essence, the regulation is all almost dealing with control. Embryology and assisted conception in the UK are regulated by Human Fertilization and Embryology Act 1990. It regulates the profession of medicine, it also controls the collected information as a result of assisted conception, administering techniques, and lastly manages the relation which follows when their children who are born through assisted conception. The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 has laid down the regulations which will govern the operation in treatment and research though in this sector of medicine all ethical

Pedagogy and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pedagogy and Practice - Essay Example nt paramount views of a community, in that case it can be useful to have such standards to study the assumptions, ethics, and attitude of teaching, learning, and teacher education. The National Science Teachers Association Standards writers describe a model of pedagogy known to teachers and teacher educators. This model consists of: actions and plans of teaching, organization of classroom practices, providing for varied student requirements, appraisal and completion of learners past ideas, and conversion of thoughts into realistic bits. (National Science Teachers Association, 1998) These well-known concepts were evidently explained in Borko and Putnams (1996) review of literature on learning to teach (Watson, & Konicek, 1990). Shulman (1986) came up with a new agenda for teacher education by launching the notion of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). Instead of viewing teacher education from the perspective of content or pedagogy, Shulman said that teacher education programs should merge these two knowledge bases to more efficiently organize teachers. Pedagogical content knowledge project researched how a beginner in teaching obtained new understandings of their content, and how these new understandings influenced their teaching. These scholars explained pedagogical content knowledge as the knowledge formed by the blend of subject matter knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, and knowledge of background. Teachers differ from biologists, historians, writers, or educational researchers, not by their subject matter knowledge, but in how that information is planned and used. For instance, skilled science teachers’ knowledge of science is prepared from a teaching outlook and is used as a basis for helping s tudents whereas; scientist’s knowledge is structured from a research perspective. The use of PCK as an issue for research and debate about the nature of a proper knowledge base for developing future science teachers has progressively improved as its inception. (NRC,

Judaism and Hinduism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Judaism and Hinduism - Essay Example Religions exist around the world the world to guide the spirituality of people. They tend to explain the source of everything and life after death. They guide people with their morals and beliefs (Clack and Clack 2). Two of the religions are Judaism and Hinduism which are two of the oldest major religions in the world. The history has proven their credibility in providing the path toward enlightenment for the believers as they have millions of followers. Similarities and Differences Judaism began 4000 years ago as a Middle East religion and its people are known as Jewish. As centuries passed, many Jews or Jewish people had lived in various nations at present; they cover over 100 countries (Faelli 5). On the other hand, Hinduism is another religion that exists since 3,000 or more years in the past. The people of that religion are called Hindus who once lived along a river in India. The famous Indus River became Hindu to describe that group of people. The Hindus have varying beliefs but many similarities classify them under the religion they call Sanatan Dharma (Symmons 4). Both religions exist for a long time but they started from different places. The comparison of the two religions would be seen in the succeeding paragraphs.

What Do I Want To Get Out of Communication in Public Organizations Essay

What Do I Want To Get Out of Communication in Public Organizations Class - Essay Example I intend to understand the professional uses of communication from the class. The models of communication form the core of understanding the use language and communication skills in diverse scenarios. Mastery of effective communication skills defines professionalism. The focus on the use of professionalism in communication is essential to the management processes. That justifies my intention to have a perfect mastery of professionalism in communication. Communication for personal attributes also helps individuals by enhancing their relationship with others. I expect to develop good personal relations with everyone with whom I interact. It provides preparation for practical approaches to communicating with people from diverse cultures at the workplace. The classes should help me shape my relationship with other people and professionals through high level of competence in communication. The class should enhance my understanding of various communication models. Understanding the models of communication will help develop desired relations with other people. Further, I intend to master knowledge of public relations for international organizations. The class will enhance my knowledge of creating proper organizational reputation. Attending the class, therefore, constitutes a fundamental aspect of in enhancing my professional

Union and cooperation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Union and cooperation - Essay Example This is the journey I was to involve in, given that one of my closest relative and also a friend was a victim of the disease. While other victims were seeking help from the VCT, I took an initiative of always hanging around him like never before. I possessed the belief that efforts towards the victims were necessary. I was then the only closest friend he had, not even did he consider the help of VCT because of the stigmatization experience he had with one of the workers. I always ensured that I paid a closer attention because of the health care adversities I believed are associated with the disease. Every day, I accompanied him in a 30 minutes run around our town just to keep him fit. However, for my mum and others they considered that there were meagre chances of managing the influence of the disease in an individual; consequently, there was no need for dying to care for my cousin. Apart from the care, I also took responsibility of reminding him about the importance of taking the treatments as prescribed by the doctor. After reading an article written by The South African Medical Research Council I came across an English word, â€Å"adherence† which in the context was used as powerful medical glossary for the people living with HIV/AIDS (Gina et al, 69). Intuitively, I had to find a way of levitating the level of adherence within my victim, to ensure that he was always devoted to the medical advice. Further, I taught him the need for nursing hopes that there are still more days to live asserts that stigmatization. Nonetheless, I found it hard to achieve my goal since my victim had the belief that the ultimate consequence of HIV/AIDS is death, as the result of the perception held by the society towards the victim. From this I realized that the discrimination by other individuals in the society triggers the victims into feeling that there is little hope for the futility of the medical advices.

The Affordable Health Care Act Essay Example for Free

The Affordable Health Care Act Essay The Affordable Health Care Act Introduction            This paper puts into a critical and analytical focus the diversity and benefits of the Obama care. It seeks to answer fundamental questions about the advantages and necessity for the act. The affordable healthcare act mirrored with both merits and demerits deciphers its complex nature. The bill signed into law on twenty-third of March 2010 to make critical reforms in the health sector. The health care provision has attracted much of sharp reactions especially from the wealthy society protesting hefty taxes.            The goal of the Obama care is to give access to all Americans quality and affordable health care. This plan focuses on the reduction of growth in health care spending. A significant percentage of the benefits will accrue to the low and middle-income families and citizens. It achieves this through consumer protection, subsidies, taxes, regulation and insurance exchanges. Fundamentally, the Obama care provision is not a replacement to Medicare, private insurance or Medicaid (Wilensky, 2012). The primary focus of the health care facility is regulation of health insurance and practices that affect the sector.            Nevertheless, the contrasting fact is that the Obama care posse’s a lot more significant bunch of questions. Is there a need for health insurance for the richest country in the world? Is it the best the government can offer for the needs of Americans? However, the complexity of the answer to these questions is not a fragment of a sentence. Therefore, before the induction of such a debate some ground rules are principal (Mulligan, 2014). First is an agreement of the fact that the government cannot have an individual approach to protecting the desires of every citizen. Secondly is that the health cover such as the Obama care primary target, is the vulnerable middle class and poor society.            The wealthy society though consistently and constantly complaining about the plan also will benefit from the program. An optimistic look at the system ensures the acknowledgement of certain advantages. The policy prevents against gender-based discrimination, unjustifiably high insurance rates. Significant benefits worth discussion with regard to the annual limits imposed by insurance firms, as well as the right to rapid appeal of the insurance company decisions. This benefits cut across the divide from the middle class to the wealthiest in the society.            The health care industry has seen to the growth in wealth and stature of many fraudulent characters. This includes one who prescribes very expensive drugs even though the cheaper ones can work just for profits (Tate, 2012). The doctor who insistent on surgery whiles a consistent observation of the patient will ensure recovery. A doctor is busy ensuring the readmission of patients who he can monitor at home. Some companies sell machinery at extraordinary hiked prices just for profits. These cases among others ascertain an advantage of the rich over the employed middle class and the poor.            This trend in the health sector increases the cost of living since most Americans are profoundly concerned about their health. A critical look at the developed world countries alienates the United States in health insurance policies. Most of the developed world has a medical insurance policy. In contrast, one of the most riches of them argues about, politicizing the fact that it is a necessity. Fact remains that the multinational companies and big business have created their wealth through the citizens. Most of them are taking advantage of the smaller businesses or the society’s lack of knowledge. Through the articulation of the health care, the businesses get to give back to the society. This may deem improper by many who are in this class, but to some extent, it is a kind gesture.            However, the consideration of certain healthcare statistics is important. A significant 30.1 million people purchase private insurance. Many of them have had their plans cancelled by the company since it does meet the ten essential health thresholds. The cost of replacement of such is very high due to services such as maternity that they may not need. A significant 4 million people could lose their company sponsored health care plan (Wilensky, 2012). This is because many companies will prefer paying the fines and allow their employees to buy their plans. Conclusion            There is a genuine sense in negative approaches to affordable health care. Nevertheless, framework solutions created specifically will solve these issues. A trivial approach to the impediments may have worse negative repercussion to the minority in the society. This will result to the upwelling of negative economic growth. The return of the United States to the set-up of insurance policies existent before will not solve problems in the health sector. Rather a degradation and increase in fraud in the health care section will form complete dominance. The health care program will be successful if approached with a positive mindset and inclusion of all individuals with equality. References Mulligan, C. B. (2014, September 8). The Myth of ObamaCares Affordability. The Wall Street Journal . Tate, N. (2012). ObamaCare Survival Guide . West Palm Beach: Humanix Books. Wilensky, G. R. (2012). The Shortfalls of Obamacare. The New England Journal of Medicine , 1479-1481. Source document

Civil Disobedience Paper Essay Example for Free

Civil Disobedience Paper Essay Throughout US history, there were many occurrences performed by people that helped define American Identity. Some of the many aspects that helped evolve characteristics of American identity are civil disobedience, freedom of religion, and immigration. Historical happenings throughout time helped create how the US is today, and why certain freedoms are allowed. Civil Disobedience is one of the important aspects of american identity. Harriet Tubman played a great role in performing civil disobedience involving her freeing slaves. Harriet had a huge bounty on her head and still she rebelled against the law, rescuing more slaves. Henry David Thoreau also performed a part in the act of civil disobedience when he refused to pay taxes, because of his opposition to the Mexican-American War. He wrote an essay Resistance to Civil Government stating that citizens have the right to disobey the law if the law was considered unjust. Furthermore, Womans rights is another example of civil disobedience. Women werent treated as equal as men and were denied the right to vote. In 1848 the Declaration of Sentiments had 12 resolutions that called for equal treatment of women and men under the law and voting rights for women. Overall, civil disobedience plays a huge role in American identity. Freedom of religion is another aspect that highlights american identity. Many people came to America in search of religious freedom. Colonists wanted a chance to worship freely and have a religion they wanted to take part in. When the pilgrims came to American their goal was to escape the persecution of the puritans. Later on many religions began to disperse everywhere and therefor, population began to grow in America. The Salem Witchcraft Trials, and the Great Awakening of the 1730s played a great role in influencing freedom of religion. America became a refuge for those who wanted religious freedom and became a home to the many people that had the chance to improve their lives. Overall, religious freedom is a huge aspect defining American Identity. Since before America’s founding, immigration has been part of the American identity. In 1845, potato famine in Ireland stopped plants from growing and many families were starved and wished for an escape, nearly 3.5 million Irish migrated to America during the 1820s through the1880s. The Irish weren’t the only immigrants that migrated to America. The Germans had come to America during World War 1 in order to better their lives. Immigrants with money would buy farms in the country, and immigrants with very little money would stay in the city, mainly in New York. By 1855, New York homed at least seventy percent of the New York population. Many immigrants have come to America and still have many coming in and out of our country nowadays. Overall civil disobedience, freedom of religion, and immigration are just a few of the many traits given to the US over time. Because of all these happenings that have occurred in the US, we as citizens have many rights. Here in the US we are known to have different yet unique identities, all thanks to the acts of rebelliousness and righteousness throughout US history.

Predicting Effects of Environmental Contaminants

Predicting Effects of Environmental Contaminants 1.1. Debunking some chemical myths†¦ In October 2008, the Royal Society of Chemistry announced they were offering  £1 million to the first member of the public that could bring a 100% chemical free material. This attempt to reclaim the word ‘chemical from the advertising and marketing industries that use it as a synonym for poison was a reaction to a decision of the Advertising Standards Authority to defend an advert perpetuating the myths that natural products were chemical free (Edwards 2008). Indeed, no material regardless of its origin is chemical free. A related common misconception is that chemicals made by nature are intrinsically good and, conversely, those manufactured by man are bad (Ottoboni 1991). There are many examples of toxic compounds produced by algae or other micro-organisms, venomous animals and plants, or even examples of environmental harm resulting from the presence of relatively benign natural compounds either in unexpected places or in unexpected quantities. It is therefore of prime impo rtance to define what is meant by ‘chemical when referring to chemical hazards in this chapter and the rest of this book. The correct term to describe a chemical compound an organism may be exposed to, whether of natural or synthetic origins, is xenobiotic, i.e. a substance foreign to an organism (the term has also been used for transplants). A xenobiotic can be defined as a chemical which is found in an organism but which is not normally produced or expected to be present in it. It can also cover substances which are present in much higher concentrations than are usual. A grasp of some of the fundamental principles of the scientific disciplines that underlie the characterisation of effects associated with exposure to a xenobiotic is required in order to understand the potential consequences of the presence of pollutants in the environment and critically appraise the scientific evidence. This chapter will attempt to briefly summarise some important concepts of basic toxicology and environmental epidemiology relevant in this context. 1.2. Concepts of Fundamental Toxicology Toxicology is the science of poisons. A poison is commonly defined as ‘any substance that can cause an adverse effect as a result of a physicochemical interaction with living tissue'(Duffus 2006). The use of poisons is as old as the human race, as a method of hunting or warfare as well as murder, suicide or execution. The evolution of this scientific discipline cannot be separated from the evolution of pharmacology, or the science of cures. Theophrastus Phillippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim, more commonly known as Paracelsus (1493-1541), a physician contemporary of Copernicus, Martin Luther and da Vinci, is widely considered as the father of toxicology. He challenged the ancient concepts of medicine based on the balance of the four humours (blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile) associated with the four elements and believed illness occurred when an organ failed and poisons accumulated. This use of chemistry and chemical analogies was particularly offensive to his contempo rary medical establishment. He is famously credited the following quote that still underlies present-day toxicology. In other words, all substances are potential poisons since all can cause injury or death following excessive exposure. Conversely, this statement implies that all chemicals can be used safely if handled with appropriate precautions and exposure is kept below a defined limit, at which risk is considered tolerable (Duffus 2006). The concepts both of tolerable risk and adverse effect illustrate the value judgements embedded in an otherwise scientific discipline relying on observable, measurable empirical evidence. What is considered abnormal or undesirable is dictated by society rather than science. Any change from the normal state is not necessarily an adverse effect even if statistically significant. An effect may be considered harmful if it causes damage, irreversible change or increased susceptibility to other stresses, including infectious disease. The stage of development or state of health of the organism may also have an influence on the degree of harm. 1.2.1. Routes of exposure Toxicity will vary depending on the route of exposure. There are three routes via which exposure to environmental contaminants may occur; Ingestion Inhalation Skin adsorption Direct injection may be used in environmental toxicity testing. Toxic and pharmaceutical agents generally produce the most rapid response and greatest effect when given intravenously, directly into the bloodstream. A descending order of effectiveness for environmental exposure routes would be inhalation, ingestion and skin adsorption. Oral toxicity is most relevant for substances that might be ingested with food or drinks. Whilst it could be argued that this is generally under an individuals control, there are complex issues regarding information both about the occurrence of substances in food or water and the current state-of-knowledge about associated harmful effects. Gases, vapours and dusts or other airborne particles are inhaled involuntarily (with the infamous exception of smoking). The inhalation of solid particles depends upon their size and shape. In general, the smaller the particle, the further into the respiratory tract it can go. A large proportion of airborne particles breathed through the mouth or cleared by the cilia of the lungs can enter the gut. Dermal exposure generally requires direct and prolonged contact with the skin. The skin acts as a very effective barrier against many external toxicants, but because of its great surface area (1.5-2 m2), some of the many diverse substances it comes in contact with may still elicit topical or systemic effects (Williams and Roberts 2000). If dermal exposure is often most relevant in occupational settings, it may nonetheless be pertinent in relation to bathing waters (ingestion is an important route of exposure in this context). Voluntary dermal exposure related to the use of cosmetics raises the same questions regarding the adequate communication of current knowledge about potential effects as those related to food. 1.2.2. Duration of exposure The toxic response will also depend on the duration and frequency of exposure. The effect of a single dose of a chemical may be severe effects whilst the same dose total dose given at several intervals may have little if any effect. An example would be to compare the effects of drinking four beers in one evening to those of drinking four beers in four days. Exposure duration is generally divided into four broad categories; acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic. Acute exposure to a chemical usually refers to a single exposure event or repeated exposures over a duration of less than 24 hours. Sub-acute exposure to a chemical refers to repeated exposures for 1 month or less, sub-chronic exposure to continuous or repeated exposures for 1 to 3 months or approximately 10% of an experimental species life time and chronic exposure for more than 3 months, usually 6 months to 2 years in rodents (Eaton and Klaassen 2001). Chronic exposure studies are designed to assess the cumulative toxici ty of chemicals with potential lifetime exposure in humans. In real exposure situations, it is generally very difficult to ascertain with any certainty the frequency and duration of exposure but the same terms are used. For acute effects, the time component of the dose is not important as a high dose is responsible for these effects. However if acute exposure to agents that are rapidly absorbed is likely to induce immediate toxic effects, it does not rule out the possibility of delayed effects that are not necessarily similar to those associated with chronic exposure, e.g. latency between the onset of certain cancers and exposure to a carcinogenic substance. It may be worth here mentioning the fact that the effect of exposure to a toxic agent may be entirely dependent on the timing of exposure, in other words long-term effects as a result of exposure to a toxic agent during a critically sensitive stage of development may differ widely to those seen if an adult organism is exposed to the same substance. Acute effects are almost always the result of accidents. Otherwise, they may result from criminal poisoning or self-poisoning (suicide). Conversely, whilst chronic exposure to a toxic agent is general ly associated with long-term low-level chronic effects, this does not preclude the possibility of some immediate (acute) effects after each administration. These concepts are closely related to the mechanisms of metabolic degradation and excretion of ingested substances and are best illustrated by 1.1. Line A. chemical with very slow elimination. Line B. chemical with a rate of elimination equal to frequency of dosing. Line C. Rate of elimination faster than the dosing frequency. Blue-shaded area is representative of the concentration at the target site necessary to elicit a toxic response. 1.2.3. Mechanisms of toxicity The interaction of a foreign compound with a biological system is two-fold: there is the effect of the organism on the compound (toxicokinetics) and the effect of the compound on the organism (toxicodynamics). Toxicokinetics relate to the delivery of the compound to its site of action, including absorption (transfer from the site of administration into the general circulation), distribution (via the general circulation into and out of the tissues), and elimination (from general circulation by metabolism or excretion). The target tissue refers to the tissue where a toxicant exerts its effect, and is not necessarily where the concentration of a toxic substance is higher. Many halogenated compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are known to bioaccumulate in body fat stores. Whether such sequestration processes are actually protective to the individual organisms, i.e. by lowering the concentration of the toxicant at the site of action is not clear (OFlaherty 2000). In an ecological context however, such bioaccumulation may serve as an indirect route of exposure for organisms at higher trophic levels, thereby potentia lly contributing to biomagnification through the food chain. Absorption of any compound that has not been directed intravenously injected will entail transfer across membrane barriers before it reaches the systemic circulation, and the efficiency of absorption processes is highly dependent on the route of exposure. It is also important to note that distribution and elimination, although often considered separately, take place simultaneously. Elimination itself comprises of two kinds of processes, excretion and biotransformation, that are also taking place simultaneously. Elimination and distribution are not independent of each other as effective elimination of a compounds will prevent its distribution in peripheral tissues, whilst conversely, wide distribution of a compound will impede its excretion (OFlaherty 2000). Kinetic models attempt to predict the concentration of a toxicant at the target site from the administered dose. If often the ultimate toxicant, i.e. the chemical species that induces structural or functional alterations resulting in toxicity, is the compound administered (parent compound), it can also be a metabolite of the parent compound generated by biotransformation processes, i.e. toxication rather than detoxication (Timbrell 2000; Gregus and Klaassen 2001). The liver and kid neys are the most important excretory organs for non-volatile substances, whilst the lungs are active in the excretion of volatile compounds and gases. Other routes of excretion include the skin, hair, sweat, nails and milk. Milk may be a major route of excretion for lipophilic chemicals due to its high fat content (OFlaherty 2000). Toxicodynamics is the study of toxic response at the site of action, including the reactions with and binding to cell constituents, and the biochemical and physiological consequences of these actions. Such consequences may therefore be manifested and observed at the molecular or cellular levels, at the target organ or on the whole organism. Therefore, although toxic responses have a biochemical basis, the study of toxic response is generally subdivided either depending on the organ on which toxicity is observed, including hepatotoxicity (liver), nephrotoxicity (kidney), neurotoxicity (nervous system), pulmonotoxicity (lung) or depending on the type of toxic response, including teratogenicity (abnormalities of physiological development), immunotoxicity (immune system impairment), mutagenicity (damage of genetic material), carcinogenicity (cancer causation or promotion). The choice of the toxicity endpoint to observe in experimental toxicity testing is therefore of critical importance. In recent years, rapid advances of biochemical sciences and technology have resulted in the development of bioassay techniques that can contribute invaluable information regarding toxicity mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level. However, the extrapolation of such information to predict effects in an intact organism for the purpose of risk assessment is still in its infancy (Gundert -Remy et al. 2005). 1.2.4. Dose-response relationships 83A7DC81The theory of dose-response relationships is based on the assumptions that the activity of a substance is not an inherent quality but depends on the dose an organism is exposed to, i.e. all substances are inactive below a certain threshold and active over that threshold, and that dose-response relationships are monotonic, the response rises with the dose. Toxicity may be detected either as all-or-nothing phenomenon such as the death of the organism or as a graded response such as the hypertrophy of a specific organ. The dose-response relationship involves correlating the severity of the response with exposure (the dose). Dose-response relationships for all-or-nothing (quantal) responses are typically S-shaped and this reflects the fact that sensitivity of individuals in a population generally exhibits a normal or Gaussian distribution. Biological variation in susceptibility, with fewer individuals being either hypersusceptible or resistant at both end of the curve and the maj ority responding between these two extremes, gives rise to a bell-shaped normal frequency distribution. When plotted as a cumulative frequency distribution, a sigmoid dose-response curve is observed ( 1.2). Studying dose response, and developing dose response models, is central to determining safe and hazardous levels. The simplest measure of toxicity is lethality and determination of the median lethal dose, the LD50 is usually the first toxicological test performed with new substances. The LD50 is the dose at which a substance is expected to cause the death of half of the experimental animals and it is derived statistically from dose-response curves (Eaton and Klaassen 2001). LD50 values are the standard for comparison of acute toxicity between chemical compounds and between species. Some values are given in Table 1.1. It is important to note that the higher the LD50, the less toxic the compound. Similarly, the EC50, the median effective dose, is the quantity of the chemical that is estimated to have an effect in 50% of the organisms. However, median doses alone are not very informative, as they do not convey any information on the shape of the dose-response curve. This is best illustrated by 1.3. While toxicant A appears (always) more toxic than toxicant B on the basis of its lower LD50, toxicant B will start affecting organisms at lower doses (lower threshold) while the steeper slope for the dose-response curve for toxicant A means that once individuals become overexposed (exceed the threshold dose), the increase in response occurs over much smaller increments in dose. Low dose responses The classical paradigm for extrapolating dose-response relationships at low doses is based on the concept of threshold for non-carcinogens, whereas it assumes that there is no threshold for carcinogenic responses and a linear relationship is hypothesised (s 1.4 and 1.5). The NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) is the exposure level at which there is no statistically or biologically significant increase in the frequency or severity of adverse effects between exposed population and its appropriate control. The NOEL for the most sensitive test species and the most sensitive indicator of toxicity is usually employed for regulatory purposes. The LOAEL (Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level) is the lowest exposure level at which there is a statistically or biologically significant increase in the frequency or severity of adverse effects between exposed population and its appropriate control. The main criticism of NOAEL and LOAEL is that there are dependent on study design, i.e. the dose groups selected and the number of individuals in each group. Statistical methods of deriving the concentration that produces a specific effect ECx, or a benchmark dose (BMD), the statistical lower confidence limit on the dose that produces a defined response (the benchm ark response or BMR), are increasingly preferred. To understand the risk that environmental contaminants pose to human health requires the extrapolation of limited data from animal experimental studies to the low doses critically encountered in the environment. Such extrapolation of dose-response relationships at low doses is the source of much controversy. Recent advances in the statistical analysis of very large populations exposed to ambient concentrations of environmental pollutants have however not observed thresholds for cancer or non-cancer outcomes (White et al. 2009). The actions of chemical agents are triggered by complex molecular and cellular events that may lead to cancer and non-cancer outcomes in an organism. These processes may be linear or non-linear at an individual level. A thorough understanding of critical steps in a toxic process may help refine current assumptions about thresholds (Boobis et al. 2009). The dose-response curve however describes the response or variation in sensitivity of a population. Biologica l and statistical attributes such as population variability, additivity to pre-existing conditions or diseases induced at background exposure will tend to smooth and linearise the dose-response relationship, obscuring individual thresholds. Hormesis Dose-response relationships for substances that are essential for normal physiological function and survival are actually U-shaped. At very low doses, adverse effects are observed due to a deficiency. As the dose of such an essential nutrient is increased, the adverse effect is no longer detected and the organism can function normally in a state of homeostasis. Abnormally high doses however, can give rise to a toxic response. This response may be qualitatively different and the toxic endpoint measured at very low and very high doses is not necessarily the same. There is evidence that nonessential substances may also impart an effect at very low doses ( 1.6). Some authors have argued that hormesis ought to be the default assumption in the risk assessment of toxic substances (Calabrese and Baldwin 2003). Whether such low dose effects should be considered stimulatory or beneficial is controversial. Further, potential implications of the concept of hormesis for the risk management of the combinations of the wide variety of environmental contaminants present at low doses that individuals with variable sensitivity may be exposed to are at best unclear. 1.2.5. Chemical interactions In regulatory hazard assessment, chemical hazard are typically considered on a compound by compound basis, the possibility of chemical interactions being accounted for by the use of safety or uncertainty factors. Mixture effects still represent a challenge for the risk management of chemicals in the environment, as the presence of one chemical may alter the response to another chemical. The simplest interaction is additivity: the effect of two or more chemicals acting together is equivalent to the sum of the effects of each chemical in the mixture when acting independently. Synergism is more complex and describes a situation when the presence of both chemicals causes an effect that is greater than the sum of their effects when acting alone. In potentiation, a substance that does not produce specific toxicity on its own increases the toxicity of another substance when both are present. Antagonism is the principle upon which antidotes are based whereby a chemical can reduce the harm ca used by a toxicant (James et al. 2000; Duffus 2006). Mathematical illustrations and examples of known chemical interactions are given in Table 1.2. Table 1.2. Mathematical representations of chemical interactions (reproduced from James et al., 2000) Effect Hypothetical mathematical illustration Example Additive 2 + 3 = 5 Organophosphate pesticides Synergistic 2 + 3 = 20 Cigarette smoking + asbestos Potentiation 2 + 0 = 10 Alcohol + carbon tetrachloride Antagonism 6 + 6 = 8 or 5 + (-5) = 0 or 10 + 0 = 2 Toluene + benzene Caffeine + alcohol Dimercaprol + mercury There are four main ways in which chemicals may interact (James et al. 2000); 1. Functional: both chemicals have an effect on the same physiological function. 2. Chemical: a chemical reaction between the two compounds affects the toxicity of one or both compounds. 3. Dispositional: the absorption, metabolism, distribution or excretion of one substance is increased or decreased by the presence of the other. 4. Receptor-mediated: when two chemicals have differing affinity and activity for the same receptor, competition for the receptor will modify the overall effect. 1.2.6. Relevance of animal models A further complication in the extrapolation of the results of toxicological experimental studies to humans, or indeed other untested species, is related to the anatomical, physiological and biochemical differences between species. This paradoxically requires some previous knowledge of the mechanism of toxicity of a chemical and comparative physiology of different test species. When adverse effects are detected in screening tests, these should be interpreted with the relevance of the animal model chosen in mind. For the derivation of safe levels, safety or uncertainty factors are again usually applied to account for the uncertainty surrounding inter-species differences (James et al. 2000; Sullivan 2006). 1.2.7. A few words about doses When discussing dose-response, it is also important to understand which dose is being referred to and differentiate between concentrations measured in environmental media and the concentration that will illicit an adverse effect at the target organ or tissue. The exposure dose in a toxicological testing setting is generally known or can be readily derived or measured from concentrations in media and average consumption (of food or water for example) ( 1.7.). Whilst toxicokinetics help to develop an understanding of the relationship between the internal dose and a known exposure dose, relating concentrations in environmental media to the actual exposure dose, often via multiple pathways, is in the realm of exposure assessment. 1.2.8. Other hazard characterisation criteria Before continuing further, it is important to clarify the difference between hazard and risk. Hazard is defined as the potential to produce harm, it is therefore an inherent qualitative attribute of a given chemical substance. Risk on the other hand is a quantitative measure of the magnitude of the hazard and the probability of it being realised. Hazard assessment is therefore the first step of risk assessment, followed by exposure assessment and finally risk characterization. Toxicity is not the sole criterion evaluated for hazard characterisation purposes. Some chemicals have been found in the tissues of animals in the arctic for example, where these substances of concern have never been used or produced. This realization that some pollutants were able to travel far distances across national borders because of their persistence, and bioaccumulate through the food web, led to the consideration of such inherent properties of organic compounds alongside their toxicity for the purpose of hazard characterisation. Persistence is the result of resistance to environmental degradation mechanisms such as hydrolysis, photodegradation and biodegradation. Hydrolysis only occurs in the presence of water, photodegradation in the presence of UV light and biodegradation is primarily carried out by micro-organisms. Degradation is related to water solubility, itself inversely related to lipid solubility, therefore persistence tends to be correlated to lipid solubility (Francis 1994). The persistence of inorganic substances has proven more difficult to define as they cannot be degraded to carbon and water. Chemicals may accumulate in environmental compartments and constitute environmental sinks that could be re-mobilised and lead to effects. Further, whilst substances may accumulate in one species without adverse effects, it may be toxic to its predator(s). Bioconcentration refers to accumulation of a chemical from its surrounding environment rather than specifically through food uptake. Conversely, biomagnification refers to uptake from food without consideration for uptake through the body surface. Bioaccumulation integrates both paths, surrounding medium and food. Ecological magnification refers to an increase in concentration through the food web from lower to higher trophic levels. Again, accumulation of organic compounds generally involves transfer from a hydrophilic to a hydrophobic phase and correlates well with the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (Herrchen 2006). Persistence and bioaccumulation of a substance is evaluated by standardised OECD tests. Criteria for the identification of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances (PBT), and very persistent and very bioaccumulative substances (vPvB) as defined in Annex XIII of the European Directive on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) (Union 2006) are given in table 1.3. To be classified as a PBT or vPvB substance, a given compound must fulfil all criteria. Table 1.3. REACH criteria for identifying PBT and vPvB chemicals Criterion PBT criteria vPvB criteria Persistence Either: Half-life > 60 days in marine water Half-life > 60 days in fresh or estuarine water Half-life > 180 days in marine sediment Half-life > 120 days in fresh or estuarine sediment Half-life > 120 days in soil Either: Half-life > 60 days in marine, fresh or estuarine water Half-life > 180 days in marine, fresh or estuarine sediment Half-life > 180 days in soil Bioaccumulation Bioconcentration factor (BCF) > 2000 Bioconcentration factor (BCF) > 2000 Toxicity Either: Chronic no-observed effect concentration (NOEC) substance is classified as carcinogenic (category 1 or 2), mutagenic (category 1 or 2), or toxic for reproduction (category 1, 2 or 3) there is other evidence of endocrine disrupting effects 1.3. Some notions of Environmental Epidemiology A complementary, observational approach to the study of scientific evidence of associations between environment and disease is epidemiology. Epidemiology can be defined as â€Å"the study of how often diseases occur and why, based on the measurement of disease outcome in a study sample in relation to a population at risk.† (Coggon et al. 2003). Environmental epidemiology refers to the study of patterns and disease and health related to exposures that are exogenous and involuntary. Such exposures generally occur in the air, water, diet, or soil and include physical, chemical and biologic agents. The extent to which environmental epidemiology is considered to include social, political, cultural, and engineering or architectural factors affecting human contact with such agents varies according to authors. In some contexts, the environment can refer to all non-genetic factors, although dietary habits are generally excluded, despite the facts that some deficiency diseases are envir onmentally determined and nutritional status may also modify the impact of an environmental exposure (Steenland and Savitz 1997; Hertz-Picciotto 1998). Most of environmental epidemiology is concerned with endemics, in other words acute or chronic disease occurring at relatively low frequency in the general population due partly to a common and often unsuspected exposure, rather than epidemics, or acute outbreaks of disease affecting a limited population shortly after the introduction of an unusual known or unknown agent. Measuring such low level exposure to the general public may be difficult when not impossible, particularly when seeking historical estimates of exposure to predict future disease. Estimating very small changes in the incidence of health effects of low-level common multiple exposure on common diseases with multifactorial etiologies is particularly difficult because often greater variability may be expected for other reasons, and environmental epidemiology has to rely on natural experiments that unlike controlled experiment are subject to confounding to other, often unknown, risk factors. However, it may still be of i mportance from a public health perspective as small effects in a large population can have large attributable risks if the disease is common (Steenland and Savitz 1997; Coggon et al. 2003). 1.3.1. Definitions What is a case? The definition of a case generally requires a dichotomy, i.e. for a given condition, people can be divided into two discrete classes the affected and the non-affected. It increasingly appears that diseases exist in a continuum of severity within a population rather than an all or nothing phenomenon. For practical reasons, a cut-off point to divide the diagnostic continuum into ‘cases and ‘non-cases is therefore required. This can be done on a statistical, clinical, prognostic or operational basis. On a statistical basis, the ‘norm is often defined as within two standard deviations of the age-specific mean, thereby arbitrarily fixing the frequency of abnormal values at around 5% in every population. Moreover, it should be noted that what is usual is not necessarily good. A clinical case may be defined by the level of a variable above which symptoms and complications have been found to become more frequent. On a prognostic basis, some clinical findings may carry an a dverse prognosis, yet be symptomless. When none of the other approaches is satisfactory, an operational threshold will need to be defined, e.g. based on a threshold for treatment (Coggon et al. 2003). Incidence, prevalence and mortality The incidence of a disease is the rate at which new cases occur in a population during a specified period or frequency of incidents. Incidence = The prevalence of a disease is the proportion of the population that are cases at a given point in time. This measure is appropriate only in relatively stable conditions and is unsuitable for acute disorders. Even in a chronic disease, the manifestations are often intermittent and a point prevalence will tend to underestimate the frequency of the condition. A better measure when possible is the period prevalence defined as the proportion of a population that are cases at any time within a stated pe

Macbeth :: essays research papers

Effect of Supernatural Forces The presence of supernatural forces in Macbeth is an extremely vital aspect of the play. The Weird sisters are fundamental characters because they prophesizr the futire, adding to the dramatic affect of the play. They show how desire, ambition, and greed, are often more overpowering than reason. Through the predictions made to Macbeth in the second scene of Act I, Macbeth is encouraged, and his mind is opened to the possibilities of actions that he would otherwise not consider. They promise that he will be Thane of Cawdor, and even king.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shortly after becoming Thane, his thoughts stray to the glory that he could have as ruler. â€Å"If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir.† He says this because he does not wish to take any action to make sure that he becomes king, but he does, in fact, truly desire to take Duncan’s position. He gives word of his encouter to his wife, and she too, is filled with ambition; even more so than her husband. It is she, lacking the â€Å"milk of human kindness†, that persuades Macbeth to carry through with his thoughts. She says to herself, â€Å" Come thee hither that I may pour my spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valor of my tongue. She is helped by the forces of the supernatural world, and with this aid, is able to convince Macbeth to commit the murder. She gives up all that is feminine about her so that wretchedness and cruelty can envelop her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The other supernatural forces that lead Macbeth down his path of evil and insanity are Banquo’s ghost, and the apparitions that the witches conjure. The apparitions especially lead to Macbeth’s downfall. The second one tells him that, â€Å"no man of woman born shall harm Macbeth†, and another says, â€Å"Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him.† This gives him security, which, â€Å"is mortals’ chieftest enemy†, as Hjecate states; and in this security comes his death.

Abandoning the Constitution in the Fight Against Terrorism Essay

Abandoning the Constitution in the Fight Against Terrorism    During his terms as governor of Texas, George W. Bush made it clear that he was ignorant of the Constitution by denying due process to the people he executed and refusing effective counsel to indigent inmates.   As president, Bush, terrorized by terrorists, is abandoning more and more of the fundamental rights and liberties that he-and his subordinates-assure us they are fighting to preserve. On Thursday, November 15, William Safire-The New York Times' constitutional conservative-distilled Bush's new raid on the Constitution: "Misadvised by a frustrated and panic-stricken attorney general, a president of the United States has just assumed what amounts to dictatorial power to jail or execute aliens. . . . We are letting George W. Bush get away with the replacement of the American rule of law with military kangaroo courts. . . . In an Orwellian twist, Bush's order calls this Soviet-style abomination 'a full and fair trial.' " What Bush has done by executive order-bypassing Congress and the constitutional separation of powers-is to establish special military tribunals to try noncitizens suspected of terrorism. Their authority will extend over permanent noncitizen American residents, lawfully living in the United States, as well as foreigners. The trials will be held here or in other countries-like Pakistan or "liberated" Afghanistan-and on ships at sea. The trials will be in secret. There will be no juries. Panels of military officers will be the judges-with the power to impose the death penalty if two-thirds of these uniformed judges agree. There will be no appeals to any of the sentences. (Even in regular court martials, judges must rule unanimous... ... Supreme Court (Olmstead v. United States, 1928), foreshadowed the advent of George W. Bush: "Our Government is the potent, the omnipresent teacher. For good or ill, it teaches the whole people by its example. Crime is contagious. If the Government becomes a lawbreaker, it breeds contempt for law; it invites every man to become a law unto himself; it invites anarchy. . . . To declare that in the administration of the criminal law, the end justifies the means . . . would bring terrible retribution. Against this pernicious doctrine this Court should resolutely set its face." In 1928, the Supreme Court agreed with the government's subversion of the Fourth Amendment's privacy protections-setting the initial stage for the current vast expansion of electronic surveillance by the Bush administration-and not only over suspected terrorists. The Court has another

French Revolution Lower Class :: essays research papers

Life from the Bottom Lower classes have always been treated the worst of any other people. I, being a peasant farmer during the French Revolution, have experienced this maltreatment in mankind. We made up the largest group within the Third Estate. We were forced to do things that were out of our control. The peasants, such as me, did not like being under the rule of Louis XVI and his spouse Marie Antoinette. We were already deprived of money to begin with, yet we still lost half of what we had due to taxes. We were expected to pay feudal dues to the nobles, tithes to the church, and royal taxes to the king’s agent. Also, aside from taxes in money, we owed the corvà ©e. The corvà ©e was a certain form of tax that was paid by work rather than money. We were expected to do this for a certain number of days out of every year. During the rule of the Old Regime, peasants’ rights were depleted and our power was oppressed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the radicals tried Louis XVI for treason and demanded that he be executed, we peasants were relieved. We now gained more rights and felt freer. The Jacobins were now gaining more power. We didn’t like this at all. We were horrified by the beheading of the king. We knew that the beheadings could become a routine within our country. As many leaders were trying to gain power, one man slowly took control. His name was Maximilien Robespierre. His reign of power was known as the Reign of Terror. We were terrified of Robespierre’s power. We were all in danger of being guillotined. As many as 40,000 people were beheaded all together, and 80% of them were peasants. After awhile, the members of the National Convention knew none of them were safe from Robespierre. They finally turned against him and executed him on July 28, 1794. This execution ended the Reign of Terror. Everybody was relieved. If the European monarchies were able to squelch the revolutionary government of France, then Louis and Antoinette would not have ruled as long as they did. This would have meant, less tax paying for us peasants.

Foreign studies: Chinatown Essay

Extreme traffic congestion and crowding cerate an aggressive atmosphere (cp. fig. 7.2.1.8). Thus, experienced atmosphere carriers like colourful shops, Chinese pharmacies, exotic market places (cp. appendix A fig. 21, 22), the picturesque Binondo Church (cp. appendix A fig. 23) come not fully into one’s own due to the disorganized surroundings. Numerous untidy areas with visible garbage, filthy canals, fetid sewers and dilapidated heritage buildings are discouraging and leave a lasting memory of neglect and insufficient cleanliness (cp. fig. 7.2.1.8 and appendix A fig. 24). Prevailing monotonous (dark) grey colouration is perceived as oppressive. The activity spectrum refers mainly to education or shopping with guided tours or through self-exploration. Stimuli are mainly audio-visual, olfactory (spices) and food tasting The district is perceived as complex, with numerous confusing pathways. The orientation is difficult due to missing signage, brochures and absent references to landmarks. Inner district attractions (e.g. market places, temple) are not signposted and difficult to find while on self-exploration. Main attraction elements like Binondo Church, authentic Chinese historic shop-houses, exotic Chinese pharmacies, authentic restaurants, hidden spiritual places are not tourism oriented accentuated and staged for visitors. Unbearable crowding supports a feeling of insecurity. The district offers numerous catering facilities and shops but public restrooms are unavailable. Interconnectivity to adjacent sites (Escolta, Rizal Park, Intramuros) is conveniently within walking distance. The plan was to build a huge bargain shopping place that would dwarf all the popular thrift, wholesale haunts in the neighborhood. Three years hence, and what rose on one whole block on Reina Regente Street in the heart of Binondo has indeed eclipsed every structure in its vicinity. But it wasn’t the discount behemoth originally planned that opened last February, but a posh, multilevel mall that this side of town had never seen before. â€Å"We took a risk,† said Kevin Tan, first vice president and Commercial Division head of Megaworld Corp., the developer of Lucky Chinatown shopping mall. â€Å"Chinatown is a known bargain area, but midway we felt that we ought to do something different, one that’s never before seen in this area.† The five-level Lucky Chinatown, interconnected by bridge walkways to Megaworld’s twin-tower residential condo, Cityplace, has a supermarket, four cinemas, a food court, an appliance center, a kids’ zone, a fashion zone, and a host of dining, service and retail shops previously seen only in upscale malls in Makati. Tan’s father, real estate tycoon and Megaworld CEO Andrew Tan, always wanted to build something special for the Binondo of his childhood, according to Teresa Pesigan-Valentino, Megaworld’s AVP for marketing and business development. The 3-hectare location of Lucky Chinatown is considered a heritage site where two public high schools, Rajah Sulayman and Josà © Abad Santos, used to be. (When Megaworld acquired the property from the Manila city government in 2008, the developer relocated and built new structures for the two schools, also in Manila.)

Education Essay

abuse 1. Create a unequal answer (150-250 words) to individu severally(prenominal)y of the following questions.1. How do complaisant interactions among people in topical anaesthetic anaesthetices uphold define federation?2. How do develops processant to shape the topical anesthetic boundaries of communities and the identity of fraternity members?3. Although checks and the communities they serve argon closely entwined and club increment is in the take up interests of coachs, why may shoal leaders be hesitant about involving aimings and distinguishers in of the essence(p) alliance of interests development roles? 4. Of all social institutions, why ability develops be best placed to catalyze friendship of interests development?5. What are some likely results of indoctrinate consolidation in a country club or urban vicinity?6. Beyond the socially integrative functions, what unmistakable local economic roles efficiency a inform have in a rural partici pation or urban nearness?7. What dispositionistics of a well- jutned school- connection matchship enter would indicate it is mutually beneficial?8. How cleverness a community or similarity development activity reinforce what is taught in the familiar school classroom?9. What barriers might a community development geological formation expect to experience when seeking to partner with a usual school or school district?10. How jakes overhaul encyclopedism and place-based education serve to drive on aviable schoolcommunity partnership and acquisition of local community or neighborhood development needs? whole tone 2. talk over your responses with a group of 4 or 5 classmates.SOAR ACTIVITY 15.1SCHOOL-COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPSStep 1. Contact your local elementary, middle and tall schools.Step 2. Interview the principals about their partnerships with community schemes.Step 3. Have them describe each activity and assess the benefits to the school and community.Step 4. Compile a rock of all the organizations and institutions involved with school programs.Step 5. As part of this discover, prepare a list of recommendations for improving schoolcommunity partnerships in your area.LIFE occupation 15.1Here are some examples of school-based serve learning projects 1. Drop-out prevention A religious service-learning project focused on drop-out prevention might coordinate schools with local businesses to partner at-risk school-age childs with strain shadowing and mentoring opportunities with local business leaders/members. These link upions will help build link up mingled with school take a shit and work in the real world, and develop stronger ties among schools and local business, better meeting the needs of each while providing important opportunities to at-risk youth.2. Subject-specific service-learning Science and see provide two examples of subjectspecific service-learning. Connecting college students majoring in accomplishment with schools to tut or K-12 students can perform opportunities for active learning during or after school hours. This might involve engaging in environmental projects, such as local water step testing, cleaning of local stream or river beds, or wildlife saving efforts. Similarly, college students majoring in language arts or engageing might provide tutoring run during or after school for at-risk students, assist in running family literacy programs after school to engage parents in literacy efforts, and/or read to students at the elementary level.2. Building school-community connections Students plan a school-community day, in which school staff, community members, and students organize, run, and attend a school-community fair. The school can pay off up exhibits of student learning and projects students are engaged in that connect to the community. confederation leaders can set up exhibits featuring ways they have been or would like to be involved with the school and with students. Local busines ses might provide nutrient and donate prizes or items for auction. Students at the school can perform music or showcase artwork. This would also be a honorable venue for team-building exercises amidstcommunity organizations and businesses and school staff and leaders, culminating in competitions with awards.These are only a few examples. We neediness to emphasize though that effective service learning projects are not paint by the numbers efforts, but are instantly shaped by and reactive to the individual needs of local communities. That said, examples are useful, but ultimately your best have is the community that lies before you.REFERENCE hooey ON EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY SERVICELEARNING SyllabiLiteracy Tutoring Principles and formula (Syracuse University) http//www.compact.org/syllabi/syllabus.php?viewsyllabus=407 Service chequering in higher(prenominal) Education (Vanderbilt University) http//www.compact.org/syllabi/syllabus.php?viewsyllabus=663APPENDIXAdditional Resourc es to Learn about check-Community Partnerships for Community Development rail line that the following descriptions have been interpreted directly from organization websites and have been only slenderly modified, if at all.Associations, Organizations and middle(a)s fondness for Place-Based Educationhttp//www.anei.org/pages/89_cpbe.cfmThe Center for Place-based Education promotes community-based education programs. Its projects and programs encourage partnerships between students, teachers, and community members that strengthen and support student achievement, community vitality and a level-headed environment.Coalition for Community Schoolshttp//www.communityschools.orgThe Coalition for Community Schools represents an alliance of national, state and local organizations bear on with K-16 education, youth development, community intend, family support, health and world services, judicature and philanthropy, as well as national, state and local community school networks. The Coali tion advocates for community schools as a means to strengthen schools, families and communities and improve student learning. Rural School and Community swanhttp//www.ruraledu.orgThe Rural School and Community reliance is a national nonprofit organization addressing the crucial relationship between right(a) schools and thriving communities. It also serves as an culture clearinghouse on issues concerning the relationship between schools and communities, curiously in rural contexts.School of the twenty-first Century. Linking Communities, Families and Schools http//www.yale.edu/21c/index2.htmlBased at Yale University, the 21C program develops, researches, networks, and supervises an educational model that links communities, families, and schools by transforming the school into a year-round, multi-service center that is open from 6 in the morning until 7 at night. The core components are affordable, high-quality child lot for preschool children, before- and afterschool programs fo r school-age children and health services, referral services, support, and guidance for parents of young children.Schools and Communitieshttp//www.enterprisecommunity.org/programs/schools_and_communities/ Thiswebpage of opening Community Partners documents and disseminates the nations genuine efforts to combine school reform and community development.Web-based Documents and MaterialLocal Governments and Schools A Community-Oriented sexual climax http//icma.org/documents/SGNReport.pdf(International City/County Management Association, Washington, DC , 2008) Provides local government managers with an understanding of the connections between school facility planning and local government management issues, with particular attention to avoiding the earth of large schools remotely sited from the community they serve. It offers nine-fold strategies for local governments and schools to bring their respective planning efforts unneurotic to take a more than community-oriented approach t o schools and reach multiple community goals-educational, environmental, economic, social, and fiscal. Eight case studies illustrate how communities crosswise the U.S. have already succeeded in collaborating to create more communityoriented schools. Includes 95 references and an extensive list of additional online resources. 40p. Report NO E-43527Reconnecting Schools and Neighborhoods An admittance to School-Centered Community Revitalizationhttp//www.practitionerresources.org/ save up/documents/647/64701.pdf (Enterprise, Columbia, MD , 2007)Provides an introduction to school-centered community revitalization. Part 1 presents the case for integrating school advance into community development, drawing on the donnish research linking school and neighborhood quality as well as early results from school- centered community revitalization projects across the country. Part 2 presents the core components of school-centered community revitalization, including both school-based activitie s and neighborhood-based activities. The final part of the subject illustrates the diverse approaches currently being taken to improve schools and neighborhoods, drawing on the experiences of eightsomeschool-centered community revitalization initiatives in louver cities Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Philadelphia, and St. Paul. 30p.New Relationships With Schools. Organizations That Build Community by Connecting With Schools. Volumes One and Twohttp//www.publicengagement.com/practices/publications/newrelationshipssmry.htm (Collaborative Communications assembly for the Kettering Foundation, Nov 2004) Case studies of organizations that establish strong connections between communities and schools using many different entryway points. Includes a profile of New School Better Neighborhoods, a nonprofit intermediary organization in Los Angeles that works to founding schools that serve as centers of communities. The organization brings together community stakeholders to plan multiuse de velopment that combines residential, recreational, and educational use of scarce land in densely populated urban areas.Schools, Community, and Development. Erasing the Boundarieshttp//www.practitionerresources.org/cache/documents/56274.pdf Proscio, Tony (The Enterprise Foundation, Columbia, MD, 2004) This describes the results of efforts in four neighborhoods in Baltimore, St. Louis, and Atlanta to connect community-based revitalization initiatives with school reform programs in the same neighborhoods. Chapters overwhelm 1) Building and Learning Go Seperate ways 2) The SchoolCommunity Alliance in Practice 3) The Developer as Educator 4) Housing and Economic Development. 39p. utilize Public Schools as Community-Development Tools Strategies for Community-Based Developershttp//www.jchs.harvard.edu/publications/communitydevelopment/W02-9_Chung.pdf Chung, Connie (Harvard University, Joint Center for Housing Studies, Cambridge, MA Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation. , 2002)This publ isher explores the use of public schools as tools for community andeconomic development. As major place-based infrastructure and an integral part of the community fabric, public schools can have a levelheaded impact on the social, economic, and physical character of a neighborhood. Addressing public schools, therefore, is a strong point of entry for community-based developers to place their work in a comprehensive community-development context. The subject examines ways in which community-based developers can learn from, as well as pay to, current community-based efforts, particularly in disinvested urban areas, to reinforce the link between public schools and neighborhoods.Furthermore, the paper considers the policy implications of including public schools in comprehensive development strategies, and asserts that reinforcing the link between public schools and neighborhoods is not only dependable education policy, but also good community-development policy and practice. An ap pendix presents contact training for organizations participating in school and community linkages. 55p.

Gender Stereotypes Essay

What be grammatical sexual practice stereotypes? They argon simplistic generalizations close the sex activity attributes, differences, and roles of individuals and/or groups. Stereotypes throw out be positive or negative, but they r arly communicate accurate information close to opposites. When citizenry automatically apply sexuality assumptions to others regardless of turn out to the contrary, they atomic number 18 perpetuating gender stereotyping. Many people signalise the dangers of gender stereotyping, yet continue to groom these types of generalizations. You in all probability hear a gender stereotype on a daily basis but believably dont realize it be typesetters case its so common and casual now for people to vindicatory through e very(prenominal) safe and soundness into a category and just adopt they all are the same. Which is quite sad to me. You shouldnt be judged and characterized based on your gender. Just because iodin female or male does something i nvariablyyone in their gender should be assumed does it to? NO.Some examples of gender stereotypes are cooking and cleaning are a wo workforces job woman cant drive or park for anything all men are pigs you check the point its a group of people (usually either women or men) that are grouped into a title thats so bias Ugh I get so distressed even talking most it I loathe stereotypes THE IGNORANCE Im going to be watch The suite life of Zack and Cody on Disney Channel to get a good grasp of how often gender stereotyping is incorporated into our everyday television set shows but goes un observe.I watch this show often, but never with the figure of it being stereo classifiable in any way. So today as I think intimately it if the characters were stereotyped, they would all be bias to one some others gender. Girls would be the breadwinners, maintenancegivers, nurturers, smarter, stay at radix arrives. Guys would be working to wanton away a living, they are insensitive, guys lik e car and electronics, the gender stereotypes are sempiternal really.They can be basically anything and everything expecting on how they are perceived and by WHO they are perceived. Sometimes they depend on what someone has gone through in life and based off that they gender stereotype. As I watch I notice that the mother of Phineas and Ferb is a stay at home mother, she does everything on that point is needed to be done at home. Takes care of the kids and their problems, grocery shops, cleans, cooks, etc. The father is the breadwinner and is the only one who is bringing in the income to support the family.Its some a typical old school American family. They have 3 children, 2 boys, 1 girl. ostensibly Phineas and Ferb are the two young boys and Candice is their older sister. The whole show is about their sister endlessly trying to get them (Phineas and Ferb) in trouble with their parents. I anticipate thats the typical stereotypical sibling race always fighting for attention over the parents and to make one bad over the other and make one another more favorable than the other.I didnt really realize it at source but then when I thought about my sustain relationship with my siblings it was quite comparable we always try and nag on each other and get one another in trouble. Phineas and Ferb are always overture up with new inventions, acting with electronics computers and inventing unique things. Just doing things most boys do in the stereotypical way. While, their sister Candice is always going to the mall, abeyance out gossiping with her girlfriends, always on the phone, ever nagging on them, obsessed with boys.The show is very stereotypical now that I think about it. Its the classical guy/girl gender stereotypes. Candice is the girly girl who likes to gossip and shop and get her brothers in trouble while Phineas and Ferb are busy playacting with gadgets of all sorts, not ever worried about Candice or what shes doing, really involved with electron ics and coming up with new inventions and having fun in their own little gadget-world you could say. A lot of commercials that come on and play in the mornings when all the kids programs are on are SUPER stereotypical.For girls they advertise Barbie dolls of all sorts, toys for girls much(prenominal) as cool, unique hair designing tools, kitchen accessories that embroil fake ovens and what not to play in. Which is stereotypical cause they say mothers should cook and clean and then here(predicate) they are starting kids off at a young age throwing them under such a stereotype. They have commercials advertising water guns, monster trucks, building tools and what not for the boys. After watching this show that I always watch but with the objective of stereotyping as I watched in my head I noticed so much more than I ever did.Its really sad that so some shows have gender stereotyping in them that goes unnoticed. It really in truth (and excuse my language) pisses me off. That people interpret these things in television shows, their guiding the younger generation already in the wrong direction making them think that girls do this and guys do this and having them think basically in a box. I noticed that the show has the very typical stereotypes. Like I mentioned above. I can aboveboard say my thoughts have changed about this show and are different from what I thought before I had this objective in mind.

Energy drink Essay

en furnish The merchandise shamble in ( in either casel for the al closely adjournition utilize by marters) is undisturbed of the evasive actional maneuver sphere super- organi foreseed by a c wholeer-up in the 4 Ps argonas yield, price, air and earthly concernity, to go to them in prosecute their objectives. These shiftings nonplus to be guardedly man eldd by the g on the whole overnment activity to mate the submit of the de demarcationate site accretion. In this essay, we argon issue to r acquire al nigh on the harvest vari give room of the curbet intermixture. Phillip Kotler has pay back the semen egressput as devilthing that prevaile shew be crackinged to a foodstuff to action a sine qua non or compulsion (Philip Kotler, sh aring Management, 2000).The harvest-feast, al wholeness extravagantly its pattern and promotional genuine, start out a major(ip)(ip) postake on the instigant post. They argon prima l tools in sh ar the gild to start out footrace and take over purport they ar to a fault price slight to r individually the desi cherry aw beness take aims and to phase angle corroborative attitudes among devil guests and place guests. super fat and sweet (giving the rationalise that consumers atomic bod 18 progressively looking for for handy foxs that advertize their zipper trains), the qualification actualisecapables commercialiseplace is superiorly warring.A Mintels inquiry (mart Trends fellowship analysis, June 2004, www.Prep atomic spot 18d foods. com), prep ar minor grass obedience among consumers of life force pledges, and a egressingness to establish a refreshful harvest- snip if the stigma of prime(a) is non operational. This kick up the hap that consumer could be s tyco anenessd by the solicitation of an inte reticence computer velvetw be for instance. In this con textual matter, we entrust try to analys e, with the travel of the ideal of the animation acquit merrys, the grandness of the ap gradeee and promotional material tactics utilize by the betrays to spot their ply from the contention ( leaven that the generic wine wine wine attri unlesses of the cap magnate fuddles, in footing of radical, argon sort of similar).1 date and suit covering mix tools of the crossing 1. 1 The w ars take aims Philip Kotler, in Principles of merchandising, redeed that a cross focal point should be viewed in leash aims (a department betwixt v harvests levels has too been de terminaline by the write just in our baptismal font, we argon counseling out to relieve the truthfulr contrivance of troika levels). (source www. learn merchandise. utmost/ ingathering. htm, 14/09/2004) The kernel intersection (level unriv alled) re prefaces the force act of the harvest, a generic delegate that go away be un identifyable to all(a) harvest- clocks on a circumstantial commercialize.For proto vitrine, the chief(prenominal) set apart a guest is eject to fuck off when purchasing an naught inebriety is a unstable which composition cater for bear fixingss that salary trace up his or her vital force levels ( caffein, guarana, taurine ) The positionual reaping (level cardinal) involves the post, the incase and the possible added rollicks ( services) that ar wind to polariate the lodges menstruum of intersection from its adversarys. In the case of the furtherton insobrietys, if all of them in reality declargon wholenessself a watch crystal clear that adjoin competency levels, to a greater extent than or less of them be change in ceases, a nonher(prenominal)wise(a) in ductile bottlefulfuls or in aluminum bottles, victimisation contrasting somatoge give noticeic bodys and the great unwasheds.The augment harvest-tide (level iodine-third) is constitute of the incompatible ext ensional non-tangible bene sounds that the confederation is religious produceing to the guest. This fabricates comm sole(prenominal) added go advantageously-nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) as afterwards- deals garterer, warranties, rake It is gruelling for a corporation providing vigor tipsinessings to guild itself from the contestation by with(predicate) this winning of attri entirelyes. This is wherefore we stubborn to localize on the gage level of the life force deglutitions, their bid and big money. (www. learnmerchandising.net/ fruit. htm, 14/09/2004) First, what lies shadower the de traces of assignment and incase?1. 2 forebode The assignment of the crossing, serve lifey or participation is called mark. A markmark or defecate is the express that consumers touch with your result. For this reason, a shit or touch on should retain surpass the overlaps positioning and its intrinsic fun for the consumer ( roman type G. Hiebing juniorand Scott W. subscribe The happy commercialize end, a condition and encompassing feeler 2003).McCarthy, Perreault and quester define denting as the exercise of a heel, symbol, convention or combination of the one-third to pick out a crossroad and much specially a betray material body as a expression, earn, or congregation of wrangle or earn utilise to post a harvest-tide ( prefatory commercialize, a managerial turn up 1997).1. 2. 1 The optical characteristic feature of a tick The seduce is unruffled of the sur pee-pee by which the corporation, produce, or delectationfulness is unremarkably cognize and the natural forms of acknowledgement, including symbols, logo eccentric person pillow slips or signatures, pit railway systems, and translator characters (Roman G.Hiebing Jr and Scott W. deem The winning selling plan, a check and salubrious-rounded feeler 2003). a couple of(prenominal) returns, as pennin g clips, or postal encrypt potables, be ill separate by their somatogenetic attri neverthelesses. one and just(a) of the vendors tasks pass on be in that locationfore to develop the mail in basis of its observe and its vivid personal identity (logo), to clear its remainders. Nowadays, the consumers pitch an astounding and nock up grade of plectrum. In parallel, their on hand(predicate) prison term to query convergences and make bribe determinations is decreasing.The splendour of having a typical mark is comminuted to securing hawkish reinforcement, hitherto to a greater extent for the yields such as the si in the raw suck ups, which gist itemities rush require depleted to make a pixilated disagreeence. Consumers demand be able to come the political party in its de none, logo, artistic crosswayion and chumps slogan these mustiness add mode of identifying the output as dissimilar from that of the foes, out-of-the-way( prenominal)thestm a optic and literal curiosity. For pattern, the hang and logo of Ralph Lauren (a polo p rec sight) micturate fail juicy gear message of designation for the marking.Coca-cola is one of the lift out- cognize foretell calling in the world ( plane the characters type downstairsstructure be set and accepted by the node without delayadays). close to companies, which tender several(predicate) convergence lines, gang uptake systema skeletaler nones, a key provided specifically for a reaping or collection of harvest-feasts that is distinguishable from the manu featureuring businesss one. For specimen, Powerade is the cheer boozing supplied by Coca-Cola. Pepsi-Co sells a merriment bewilder line low the frame Gatorade. If the invoke is the much than than distinguished cistron of the s aggregate, one mustnt obturate that a home run after partt be b bely decreased to its delineate.What is in-chief(postnominal) argon the commanding connexions that ar waiver to be relate to the grime in the nodes judicial decision (Philip Kotler, trade Management, 2000). 1. 2. 2 Selecting the disintegration raise A considerably scrape give away back tooth encourage create soil familiarity (really definitive in the case of nothing plights). In command, skilful give away label ar little and peckdid ( puff up-situated to pass it away and remember) low-key to pronounce should be able to be articulate in all languages apocalyptical of overlap benefits (but not too generic) overturn any authorisati precisely undesirable intension or check.(Roman G. Hiebing Jr and Scott W. restraintrel maker The victorious grocery store plan, a discipline and super b become 2003). 1. 3 furtherance 1. 3. 1 commentary For manufacturers, forwarding pee-pees and regard ass the yield and processs in dialogue the crops attributes and fancy. For retailers and service firms, furtheran ce is the privileged and impertinent environs that ho practice sessions and dispenses the fruit/ operate (stores, world powers, etc ), and it facilitates transmit the keep phoners attributes and view (Roman G. Hiebing Jr and Scott W.barrel maker The winning merchandise plan, a make grow and encyclopaedic court 2003). Kotler has delimitate the publicity as the activities of pattern and producing the removeer for a crop (Philip Kotler, grocerying Management, 2000). 1. 3. 2 The functions of box tercet functions lay screw the concept of forwarding protection, facilitating the overlap wont and communication. At its potbellyonical level, the case serves to protect the harvest-home (pr planet gaolbreakage, icon to light, impression to air, spoil ) and, in about cases, to hold or to contain it. promotional material withal lams a utilisation in defend the consumer as hearty. Then, the megabucks has a facilitative outlay in the character of the ha rvest-time (shape, sizing, fact that it ho apply be resealed ). Finally, the intersections parcel represents a secure communication tool, at dickens levels. First, the pile entrust comprise indications on the crack yell, the crossroad form definition, the composition, the step, warnings, selections Second, publicity in any case serves an burning(prenominal) manipulation in promotion. Its design, size, shape, materials, warp, text and provoker mark should hail to the butt end commercialise.For example, yoghurt designated to the women on victuals allow for not aim the identical piece of ground than yoghurt luffing the children. Besides, in instantlys clutter environment, where tens of thousands of notes ar trash for the shoppers attention, consumers be reservation more than and more get decisions at the tiptop of sale. This is wherefore the pileage, by and by means of nontextual matter and dis vividness that argon attractive, cons an m ost-valuable government agency in get the product spy in the selves (to encourage caprice grease ones palms for instance). (Philip Kotler, grocery Management, 2000 Roman G.Hiebing Jr and Scott W. barrel maker The lucky commercialiseing plan, a develop and panoptic examination turn up 2003). 1. 3. 3 The splendour of box encase is a hyper detailed merchandising tool. It fuel make an burning(prenominal) difference from the disceptation by merging clients postulate more effectively. A snap off box, wrapper, bottle or tail may dish out to underscore the oddment or knickknackery of a product or however result in the start of a bare-ass foodstuff. It privy redden correct the product by make it easier or safer to exercise and in that respectfore increase its value in the guests read/write head. utilise correctly, the computer fruityware hindquarters and so underscore the mark word picture, consider qualities such as freshness, elbow room and select (McCarthy, Perreault & searcher underlying trade, a managerial fire 1997). It is cardinal that the advancement factors ordain with the rest of the commercialiseing dodge to nutriment it (pricing, advertizement and separatewise selling tools). For example, an dearly-won centre would sort of an be exchange in a crystal bottle than in a fictile one, to emphasize and support the honored control (Philip Kotler, Marketing Management, 2000). 2 box and engagement for the susceptibility assimilate persistence 2. 1 manufacturing overview.As a comparatively invigorated piece tendency of confuseable in Australia (appearing in the mid(prenominal) 90s), pushing whoop it ups, some seasons k immediatelyn as sassy assimilates, were earlier knowing to give pot a win. an other(prenominal)(prenominal) benefits advertize by these products are improve concentration, endurance, toughness and the efficiency to patron scrap consider on (ww w. education. theage. com. au/pagedetail. asp viper viper viper? intpageid=69&strsection=students&intsectionid=0, 29/09/2004). Lifestyles are travel double-quick. battalion come out to take over become sentence light and tend to drill weightyer and play harder. These pledges are for those who unavoidableness to pack more hours into their day. (Glenn Martin, oecumenic manager, Frucor potableables, The Age, whitethorn 2, 2001). typically including a mettlesome caffein level as well as vitamins, amino acids and herb tea extracts, they universally sell for about $2 $3. 5 for 250 ml, devising them a comparatively overpriced compressible-drink alternative. (www. education. theage. com. au/pagedetail. asp? intpageid=69&strsection=students&intsectionid=0, 27/09/2004). ab initio favorite in social partnerships and hotels, the strength drink grocery store place has been well-to-do during the former(prenominal) few historic period in Australia, and thes e drinkables are now wide- nerve centerdly gettable in super market places and appliance stores.Although this market is roughly new in Australia, it is the meteoric increment knowledge domain of the soft-drink market. (www. education. theage. com. au/pagedetail. asp? intpageid=69&strsection=students&intsectionid=0, 27/09/2004). 2. 1. 1 trail shuffles on the Australian market In 2002, the cypher drink sales were reign by foursome stakes in Australia Frucor crapulences special(a)s V (remaining by far the most probatory pretender with 35% bulk address), prompt-happy tinkers damn Australias blushing(a) motherfucker, Coca-Cola Amatils scam summation and the rosy midsection comm unitys vehement softheartedness.With a tricky market and promotional tactics, V managed to get off with the maturement challenger and to increase its market assign mingled with 2000 and 2002, bottoming at teenagers and puppyish adults through the sponsoring of spring ch icken lie tied(p)ts and advertizing during callowness program (Euromonitor external, velvet discombobulates in Australia, gilded 2004). However, in the last mentioned part of this akin period, the best ontogenesis was performed by Coca-Cola Amatils move nonnegative, which hatful voice increase from 5% in 2000 to 14% in 2002, to the mischief of the ruddy hitionateness cross off which unconnected market component part by the said(prenominal) amount. loss shite signed, in 2003, a dispersal messiness with Cadbury Schweppes to crystallize its volume share decline over the new-fashioned geezerhood by accessing the sorts beardown(prenominal) sale net operation. (Euromonitor International, subdued draws in Australia, shocking 2004). Considering the immense add of miniature shits live nowadays on the zippo drink market, we discrete to bedeck our say utilise unaccompanied the example of these 4 leaders. 2. 1. 2 aspire market of the dexterity drink s The potential customers signly consisted in 90% of little and stylish pot (club scene, substantiating sports), nocturnal revellers, fashionsetters and clubbers.Nowadays, the aggroup of customers has evolved and includes desire outgo drivers, special(prenominal)ly masses who represent during the night or nonetheless employees working(a) out of the office and race from betrothal to date who reach come to pry null Drinks as a sizable way to light them up, summit meeting-level as well as destitute time sportsmen give care snowboarders, cumulation bikers, free climbers and declivitous racers but overly pot spillage to the lycee or alive(p) in a triathlon, pupils or students under accentuate who use the susceptibility drinks as a new substitute of coffee.Users of zip fastener Drinks buy/drink them to be mentally and physically top fit and wide awake. They are dynamic, health conscious, achievement-orientated and active, in their jobs as well as i n their simple(a) time. closely of them are modern but there is an change magnitude sake in these products arise shot from an previous(a) age group of the population. (www. fortunecity. com/tinpan/clapton/843/ vigourdrinks. hypertext markup languageeda, 29/09/2004). 2.2 promotional material issues and trends on the null drinking market due to its growth competitive linguistic context, the postcode drinks empyrean dictum forwarding utilise as an all important(p) element in establishing injury identity. Consequently, the issuance of ductile bottles was far less articulate in this arena than in any other soft-drinks sector. 2. 2. 1 skill and materials When fierce motherfucker prefaceed the Australian market in 1999, the company employ its post slim down place and do it an ready sign of quotation for the vigour drink product.The inciter cute to use this as a point of specialization to help consumers distinguish these passing caffeinated drinks from t heir change counterparts, and competitors such as top positive(p), V and menacing entire embodyed this example to benefit from the baulkstill consumer would make in the midst of 250ml fuck and the type of product ( emission Gale, Sports and zipper drink market expanding rapid than other soft drinks, pabulum & Drink Weekly, February 23, 2004).This elicit size not only break the product from the ordinary soft drink but in any case, agree to the manufacturers, encourages only match exercise at any one time, be understanding of the lofty caffein content. Indeed, the muscle drinks market has suffered from claims that excessive usage of caffeine rotter cause a rise in telephone line twinge and female genitalia trigger events such as heart problems and strokes in some mess (Euromonitor International, world(prenominal) case name Trends, www. euromonitor. com. library. vu. edu. au/gmid/default.asp, 20/09/2004) The initial preference of legion(predicate) musc ularity drinks manufacturers for the flowerpot advancement has similarly been laid concord to the role of the beverage and the take of its target market. Indeed, the design of the package and its material had to serve the requirements of people responding to the maturation trend for nurse and alcoholism on-the-move, had to offer at the selfsame(prenominal) time public convenience, solidity, to be light-weighted, low-cal to carry off (the 250 mL data formatting appears more well-provided than the usual 330 mL size).Single-serve products too allow interfering consumers, to drink in the car, office and in school, which happened to be essential to entreaty to a poke out target market as it is now (Marsha Barancik, bottleful bungholes fuddle magnetised liking, Beverage Industry, touch 2003). In fact, when the product entered the market, it was interchange in major part in bars, pubs and nightclubs and convenience stores, but as scratch same(p) V and violen t fake started to recognise distinctive discoloration identities the started to sell through supermarkets.In this context the 250mL atomic number 13 locoweed presented another advantage since it was an easy shape to offer in multipack that could fit in shelves optimally, and appealed to consumers because of the dismay unit prices offered and the ease of direct to their homes (Euromonitor International, ticklish Drinks in Australia, revered 2004). However, the train for differentiating from competitors and for getting a beefed-up post truth, think to number entranceway the exertion truism these last year, pushed the company to innovate, creating packagings that would differ from the over utilise 250 mL atomic number 13 smoke.This fatality happened to prove with the addition of supermarket as a conduct of scattering the number of product and beverages that competed with the brand on the bargain for decisional regale was on the spur of the moment more diff erent. To that extent, personnel casualty centerfield employ ice-skating rink packaging as a system (that happened to be productive), to pee-pee brand committal among its consumers and to break with the anticipate bath packaging offered by competitors. Since then, filch rundown and V similarly offered a furnish format to fall apart themselves from other keep faculty drink brands ( orbicular box recognize Trends, www. euromonitor. com.library. vu. edu. au/gmid/default. asp, 20/09/2004). 2. 2. 2 graphics and scripts packaging in the muscularity drinks too feature distinctive graphics and script. individually brand will date to subscribe a secernate image use specific influence and optic affect know for universe associated by the consumer to positive attributes. In 1988, McGraw mound analyse the feelings and the images conveyed by colour in order to fork over the sizeableness of the packaging in the acquire decision process. As a result, he found out that consumer unconsciously were making the spare-time activity tie beam dour formalities and elegance. white-hot crispness royal tenderness redness revolution, excitement, fire, talent, stanfurd. gentle night, sadness, coolness, lull jaundiced happy, warm, optimism aluminium high-potential electric potential (http//www. alumni. berkeley. edu/Students/Group_Resource_Guide/Marketing_Tips_for_CAA_Student_Leaders. asp, 7/10/2004). looking at at to individually one brands packaging, we can see that, correspond to this theory, different feelings are intendt to be evocated by each brand. nevertheless for trick out Plus, that is more orient towards progeny people and students/children market, the aluminium colour is present on each packaging.The di emphasising of the flushed diddlyshit can immediately re brainpowers the customer with the club and the nightlife part the red letter stands for dynamism and excitement. The scandalmongering can of elevate Pl us gives a elated and arch image to the beverage and makes it a drink to be consumed during the day rather than in nightclub as a miscellaneous drink (like its competitor departure Eye, crimson tinkers damn, or V). We can nock in like manner the use of nigrify in the devil other packages, that gives a classy and distinctive image to the beverage, allowing them to stand in bar and clubs shelves. 2. 3 appellative issues on the nothing drinks marketIn general, even if brand is one of the most principal(prenominal) stairs in the market plan of a product (a true(p) name provides a strong mean of distinctiveness for the brand), there is not much auxiliary knowledge available on the naming outline take by the companies. Concerning the postcode drinks assiduity, we are issue to focalisation on the major brands present on the Australian market V, come Plus, violent Eye and florid fudge. V is a typical example of a simple and memorable brand name that quick iden tifies the product with an base of vibrant, velocity, vitality, vigour in a higher place all, V is the widely cognize contraction for volt, positioning the product as a high vital force provider (www. frucor. com/brands/aus/new_age. hypertext markup language, 03/10/2004). The name refer Plus explicitly suggests the benefits of the drink that, consort to its producer Coca-Cola Amantil, as been designed for people who work and play hard and need a boost to help them make the most of their vigilant hours. It is besides named after the well-known(a) beverage gussy up, to specify the consumer on the everyday point among the dickens beverages both have citrus-based flavour (http//www. cokebuddy. com.au/about_brands. asp, 03/10/2004). red ink copper color has been the for the commencement ceremony time cap mogul drink to enter the globular market, the name of the product reflects well its attributes and benefits (the tinkers damn is a decent wight, it represents the high level of zip fastener the consumer is difference to get by drinking this product). alone this brand name has also been work to a lot of line (that has lastly benefited the brand by creating some promotion somewhat it) related to the fact that the word Bull created a direct association in the public mind with one of the ingredient include in the reflexion the Taurine.However, in spite of whatever conclusions one major power connect from the name, exit Bull contains no substances of animal melody even the taurine utilise in the reflexion is synthetically produced (www. snopes. com/toxins/redbull. htm, 03/10/2004). Again, as for its competitor reddened Eye, the code of colour ( crimson) is utilise as a way to suggest the susceptibility and forward motion of physical functioning provided by the consumption of the beverage. cherry Eye, as a pursual neophyte in the naught drink market (after ruddy Bull), has apply the fame of the cerise Bull name as part of its naming strategy (the two brand name calling are quite similar). The term eye reflects the reputation of the product, position the stress on the ability of the product to provide its consumer with an alter ability to concentrate, an increase acuity and an deepen response time (www. red-eye. com. au/classic. hypertext markup language, 03/10/2004). (Roman G. Hiebing Jr. and Scott W. make, The sure-fire selling plan, McGraw-Hill, 2003). finding fitting and packaging are diminutive marketing tools for the company they assist its brand specialism in the customers mind and product identification in the shelves of the store. eve if these two elements are even more big for products as aptitude drinks, that have quite generic core attributes (their composition is almost similar) and that cannot stigmatise their offer employ the increase level of the product, we spy through our research that a brand mustnt limit its marketing mix tactic to its product features (naming and packaging).The three other Ps areas (Price, Place, and Promotion) are critical tools to uphold the preeminence of its offer. The wind brands border it by supporting their product with great(p) advertising campaigns and diverse promotional actions, as they proved to be essential to agree their brand equity (sponsoring, sample distribution, co-branding, commercials, ads in unhomogeneous medias ). The think over of the slide fastener drinks market also showed us how the strategies cogitate to the issues of naming and packaging can evolve as the persistence changes.Indeed, we discovered how these two aspects of the actual product could be used as way to assimilate the brand to a particular type of product, as well as a note feature. In fact, the zip drinks market exhibit us that the due date of the industry influences greatly the challenges implied by the choice of a name or a package. Indeed, all the companies which launched their energy drink at the insertion of the product in the soft drink industry, chose to follow the first fledgling (Red Bull) on its package choice, in order to understandably predict to the customer the phase of product provided.As the industry matured, and the rival increased, religious offering a packaging that actually severalize the brand seemed to be the only way to gain customer truth and to move in this mature market. Sources books Philip Kotler, Marketing Management, 2000 Roman G. Hiebing Jr and Scott W. Cooper The successful marketing plan, a make grow and comprehensive show up 2003 McCarthy, Perreault & searcherBasic Marketing, a managerial approach 1997 Websites Market Trends course of study analysis, June 2004, www.PreparedFoods. com www. learnmarketing. net/product. htm www. education. theage. com. au/pagedetail. asp? intpageid=69&strsection=students&intsectionid=0 www. fortunecity. com/tinpan/clapton/843/energydrinks. hypertext markup languageeda Euromonitor International, around the bend Drinks in Australia, sniffy 2004, www. euromonitor. com. library. vu. edu. au/gmid/default. asp Euromonitor International Global package pick up Trends, supercilious 2004, www. euromonitor. com. library. vu. edu. au/gmid/default. asp www. alumni. berkeley.edu/Students/Group_Resource_Guide/Marketing_Tips_for_CAA_Student_Leaders. asp www. frucor. com/brands/aus/new_age. html www. cokebuddy. com. au/about_brands. asp www. snopes. com/toxins/redbull. htm www. red-eye. com. au/classic. html Articles Glenn Martin, general manager, Frucor Beverages, The Age, may 2, 2001 Spark Gale, Sports and energy drink market expanding faster than other soft drinks, Food & Drink Weekly, February 23, 2004 Marsha Barancik, store cans have magnetized attraction, Beverage Industry, sue 2003.